{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:59:41Z","timestamp":1787061581874,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,29]],"date-time":"2009-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259452800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renal tract involvement is implicated in both early and late schistosomiasis leading to increased disease burden. Despite there being good estimates of disease burden due to renal tract disease secondary to schistosomiasis at the global level, it is often difficult to translate these estimates into local communities. The aim of this study was to assess the burden of urinary tract pathology and morbidity due to schistosomiasis in Zanzibar and identify reliable clinical predictors of schistosomiasis associated renal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional comparison of Ungujan men and women living within either high or low endemic areas for urinary schistosomiasis was conducted. Using urine analysis with reagent strips, parasitological egg counts, portable ultrasonography and a qualitative case-history questionnaire. Data analysis used single and multiple predictor variable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and sixty people were examined in the high endemic area (63% women and 37% men), and 101 people in the low endemic area (61% women and 39% men). In the high endemic area, egg-patent schistosomiasis and urinary tract pathology were much more common (p = 1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 8 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>-6<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively) in comparison with the low endemic area. Self-reported frothy urine, self-reported haematuria, dysuria and urgency to urinate were associated with urinary tract pathology (p = 1.8 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p = 1.1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p = 1.3 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>-6<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p = 1.1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>-7<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively) as assessed by ultrasonography. In a multi-variable logistic regression model, self-reporting of schistosomiasis in the past year, self-reporting of urgency to urinate and having an egg-positive urine sample were all independently associated with detectable urinary tract abnormality, consistent with schistosomiasis-specific disease. Having two or more of these features was moderately sensitive (70%) as a predictor for urinary tract abnormality with high specificity (92%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Having two out of urgency to urinate, self reporting of previous infections and detection of eggs in the urine were good proxy predictors of urinary tract abnormality as detected by ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T06:49:51Z","timestamp":1259650191000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A comparison of urinary tract pathology and morbidity in adult populations from endemic and non-endemic zones for urinary schistosomiasis on Unguja Island, Zanzibar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russel","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simba","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis A","family":"Simai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"954_CR1","volume-title":"\"International Workshop on the Use of Ultrasonography in relation to Schistosomiasis\"","author":"World Health Organization\/Tropical Disease Research","year":"1996","unstructured":"World Health Organization\/Tropical Disease Research: Ultrasound in schistosomiasis. \"International Workshop on the Use of Ultrasonography in relation to Schistosomiasis\". 1996, CERMES, Niamey, Niger"},{"key":"954_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.09.006","volume":"105","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rudge JW, Stothard JR, Basanez MG, Mgeni AF, Khamis IS, Khamis AN, Rollinson D: Micro-epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: Local risk factors associated with distribution of infections among school children and relevance of control. 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