{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:38:00Z","timestamp":1789907880307,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hyperglycemia has been associated with unfavorable outcome in several disorders, but few data are available in bacterial meningitis. We assessed the incidence and significance of hyperglycemia in adults with bacterial meningitis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We collected data prospectively between October 1998 and April 2002, on 696 episodes of community-acquired bacterial meningitis, confirmed by culture of CSF in patients &gt;16 years. Patients were dichotomized according to blood glucose level on admission. A cutoff random non-fasting blood glucose level of 7.8 mmol\/L (140 mg\/dL) was used to define hyperglycemia, and a cutoff random non-fasting blood glucose level of 11.1 mmol\/L (200 mg\/dL) was used to define severe hyperglycemia. Unfavorable outcome was defined on the Glasgow outcome scale as a score &lt;5. We also evaluated characteristics of patients with a preadmission diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>69% of patients were hyperglycemic and 25% severely hyperglycemic on admission. Compared with non-hyperglycemic patients, hyperglycemia was related with advanced age (median, 55 yrs <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 44 yrs, P &lt; 0.0001), preadmission diagnosis of diabetes (9% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 3%, P = 0.005), and distant focus of infection (37% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 28%, P = 0.02). They were more often admitted in coma (16% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 8%; P = 0.004) and with pneumococcal meningitis (55% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 42%, P = 0.007). These differences remained significant after exclusion of patients with known diabetes. Hyperglycemia was related with unfavorable outcome in a univariate analysis but this relation did not remain robust in a multivariate analysis. Factors predictive for neurologic compromise were related with higher blood glucose levels, whereas factors predictive for systemic compromise were related with lower blood glucose levels. Only a minority of severely hyperglycemic patients were known diabetics (19%). The vast majority of these known diabetic patients had meningitis due to <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (67%) or <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> (13%) and they were at high risk for unfavorable outcome (52%).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The majority of patients with bacterial meningitis have hyperglycemic blood glucose levels on admission. Hyperglycemia can be explained by a physical stress reaction, the central nervous system insult leading to disturbed blood-glucose regulation mechanisms, and preponderance of diabetics for pneumococcal meningitis. Patients with diabetes and bacterial meningitis are at high risk for unfavorable outcome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T18:58:36Z","timestamp":1241809116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hyperglycemia in bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ewout S","family":"Schut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willeke F","family":"Westendorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"de Gans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyika D","family":"Kruyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lodewijk","family":"Spanjaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes B","family":"Reitsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diederik","family":"van de Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"822_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1001.096194","volume":"32","author":"SE Capes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC: Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. 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