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Little is known about factors influencing the occurrence of sub-microscopic parasitaemia or the relation with immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>We investigated possible associations between the occurrence of sub-microscopic <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasite carriage and antibody responses to the asexual stage antigens, G6PD deficiency and \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-thalassaemia in 464 subjects from a low endemic area in northern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We used samples collected from two cross sectional surveys conducted during dry and wet season in 2005. Submicroscopic parasitaemia was detected by using quantitative nucleic acid sequence based amplification (QT-NASBA). Genotyping for G6PD and \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-thalassaemia were performed by high throughput PCR; the prevalence and level of total IgG antibodies against MSP-1, MSP-2 and AMA-1 were determined by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Compared to parasite free individuals, individuals carrying sub-microscopic densities of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasites had significantly higher median antibody levels to MSP-1 (p = 0.042) and MSP-2 (p = 0.034) but not to AMA-1 (p = 0.14) while no clear relation between sub-microscopic parasite carriage and G6PD deficiency or \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-thalassaemia was observed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our data suggest a role for sub-microscopic parasite densities in eliciting or maintaining humoral immune responses without evidence for a modulating effect of G6PD deficiency or \u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-thalassaemia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-69","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T21:10:09Z","timestamp":1242940209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Low density parasitaemia, red blood cell polymorphisms and Plasmodium falciparumspecific immune responses in a low endemic area in northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Seif","family":"Shekalaghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Alifrangis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mwanziva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Enevold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Mwakalinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humphrey","family":"Mkali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginald","family":"Kavishe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alphaxard","family":"Manjurano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sauerwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teun","family":"Bousema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"834_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-18","volume":"3","author":"JT Bousema","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Meutstege AM, Okech BA, Akim IN, Beier JC, Githure JI, Sauerwein RW: Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western Kenya. 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