{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:50:06Z","timestamp":1787579406463,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is an important Neglected Tropical Disease, being a major cause of disability worldwide. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis aims to eliminate LF as a public health problem by the year 2020, primarily through repeated Mass Drug Administration (MDA). The Pacific region programme commenced in 1999. By June 2007, five of the eleven countries classified as endemic had completed five MDA campaigns and post-MDA prevalence surveys to assess their progress. We review available programme data and discuss their implications for other LF elimination programs in developing countries.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Reported MDA coverage and results from initial surveys and post-MDA surveys of LF using the immunochromatographic test (ICT) from these five Pacific Island countries (Tonga, Niue, Vanuatu, Samoa and Cook Islands) were analysed to provide an understanding of their quality and programme progress towards LF elimination. Denominator data reported by each country programme for 2001 was compared to official sources to assess the accuracy of MDA coverage data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Initial survey results from these five countries revealed an ICT prevalence of between 2.7 and 8.6 percent in individuals tested prior to commencement of the programme. Country MDA coverage results varied depending on the source of denominator data. Of the five countries in this case study, three countries (Tonga, Niue and Vanuatu) reached the target prevalence of &lt;1% antigenaemia following five rounds of MDA. However, endpoint data could not be reliably compared to baseline data as survey methodology varied.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Accurate and representative baseline and post-campaign prevalence data is crucial for determining program effectiveness and the factors contributing to effectiveness. This is emphasised by the findings of this case study. While three of the five Pacific countries reported achieving the target prevalence of &lt;1% antigenaemia, limitations in the data preclude identification of key determinants of this achievement.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T18:13:33Z","timestamp":1244830413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Lessons from the Pacific programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a case study of 5 countries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Clare","family":"Huppatz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Capuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N","family":"Durrheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"857_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066646","volume":"112","author":"E Michael","year":"1996","unstructured":"Michael E, Bundy DA, Grenfell BT: Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology. 1996, 112 (Pt 4): 409-428. 10.1017\/S0031182000066646.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"857_CR2","volume-title":"The PacELF Way: towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from the Pacific, 1999\u20132005","author":"World Health Organization WPR","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization WPR: The PacELF Way: towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from the Pacific, 1999\u20132005. 2006, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Publications"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR3","first-page":"491","volume":"75","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K: Strategies and tools for the control\/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ. 1997, 75 (6): 491-503.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01426.x","volume":"10","author":"A Krishna Kumari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krishna Kumari A, Harichandrakumar KT, Das LK, Krishnamoorthy K: Physical and psychosocial burden due to lymphatic filariasis as perceived by patients and medical experts. Trop Med Int Health. 2005, 10 (6): 567-573. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01426.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"857_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-6-4","volume":"6","author":"RS Wijesinghe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wijesinghe RS, Wickremasinghe AR, Ekanayake S, Perera MS: Physical disability and psychosocial impact due to chronic filarial lymphoedema in Sri Lanka. Filaria J. 2007, 6: 4-10.1186\/1475-2883-6-4.","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"key":"857_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61010-X","volume":"61","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ottesen EA: Lymphatic filariasis: Treatment, control and elimination. Adv Parasitol. 2006, 61: 395-441. 10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61010-X.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"857_CR7","volume-title":"Preparing and Implementing a National Plan to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Preparing and Implementing a National Plan to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. 2000, WHO\/CDS\/CPE\/CEE\/200015. Geneva, Switzerland"},{"issue":"10","key":"857_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01130-7","volume":"13","author":"GJ Weil","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N: The ICT Filariasis Test: A rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today. 1997, 13 (10): 401-404. 10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01130-7.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"5","key":"857_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00559.x","volume":"5","author":"SP Pani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pani SP, Hoti SL, Elango A, Yuvaraj J, Lall R, Ramaiah KD: Evaluation of the ICT whole blood antigen card test to detect infection due to nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in South India. Trop Med Int Health. 2000, 5 (5): 359-363. 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00559.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"857_CR10","volume-title":"JavaStat: Exact Binomial and Poisson Confidence Intervals","author":"C Clopper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clopper C, Pearson E: JavaStat: Exact Binomial and Poisson Confidence Intervals. Edited by: Pezzullo JC. 2005"},{"key":"857_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00973-9","volume":"4","author":"E Michael","year":"2004","unstructured":"Michael E, Malecela-Lazaro M, Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM, Barker G, Kumar A, Kazura JW: Mathematical modelling and the control of lymphatic filariasis. Lancet. 2004, 4: 223-234.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"857_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-5-10","volume":"5","author":"TR Burkot","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burkot TR, Durrheim DN, Melrose WD, Speare R, Ichimori K: The argument for integrating vector control with multiple drug administration campaigns to ensure elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Filaria J. 2006, 5: 10-10.1186\/1475-2883-5-10.","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"key":"857_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-6-1","volume":"6","author":"S Wynd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wynd S, Carron J, Selve B, Leggat PA, Melrose W, Durrheim DN: Qualitative analysis of the impact of a lymphatic filariasis elimination programme using mass drug administration on Misima Island, Papua New Guinea. Filaria J. 2007, 6: 1-10.1186\/1475-2883-6-1.","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01247.x","volume":"9","author":"BV Babu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Babu BV, Kar SK: Coverage, compliance and some operational issues of mass drug administration during the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Orissa, India. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9 (6): 702-709. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01247.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01626.x","volume":"11","author":"E Mathieu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathieu E, Direny AN, de Rochars MB, Streit TG, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ: Participation in three consecutive mass drug administrations in Leogane, Haiti. Trop Med Int Health. 2006, 11 (6): 862-868. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01626.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"857_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.09.002","volume":"101","author":"S Gunawardena","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gunawardena S, Ismail M, Bradley M, Karunaweera N: Factors influencing drug compliance in the mass drug administration programme against filariasis in the Western province of Sri Lanka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 101 (5): 445-453. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.09.002.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.031047","volume":"85","author":"S Wynd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wynd S, Melrose WD, Durrheim DN, Carron J, Gyapong M: Understanding the community impact of lymphatic filariasis: a review of the sociocultural literature. Bull World Health Organ. 2007, 85 (6): 493-498. 10.2471\/BLT.06.031047.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T07:45:46Z","timestamp":1630482346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-92","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"92"}}