{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T12:53:46Z","timestamp":1762001626130},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>With the growing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, reliable quantitative imaging methods for adipose tissue are required. Monogenic forms of the metabolic syndrome include Dunnigan-variety familial partial lipodystrophy subtypes 2 and 3 (FPLD2 and FPLD3), which are characterized by the loss of subcutaneous fat in the extremities. Through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of FPLD patients, we have developed a method of quantifying the core FPLD anthropometric phenotype, namely adipose tissue in the mid-calf and mid-thigh regions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Four female subjects, including an FPLD2 subject (<jats:italic>LMNA<\/jats:italic> R482Q), an FPLD3 subject (<jats:italic>PPARG<\/jats:italic> F388L), and two control subjects were selected for MRI and analysis. MRI scans of subjects were performed on a 1.5T GE MR Medical system, with 17 transaxial slices comprising a 51 mm section obtained in both the mid-calf and mid-thigh regions. Using ImageJ 1.34 n software, analysis of raw MR images involved the creation of a connectedness map of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contours within the lower limb segment from a user-defined seed point. Quantification of the adipose tissue was then obtained after thresholding the connected map and counting the voxels (volumetric pixels) present within the specified region.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>MR images revealed significant differences in the amounts of subcutaneous adipose tissue in lower limb segments of FPLD3 and FPLD2 subjects: respectively, mid-calf, 15.5% and 0%, and mid-thigh, 25.0% and 13.3%. In comparison, old and young healthy controls had values, respectively, of mid-calf, 32.5% and 26.2%, and mid-thigh, 52.2% and 36.1%. The FPLD2 patient had significantly reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to FPLD3 patient.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thus, semi-automated quantification of adipose tissue of the lower extremity can detect differences between individuals of various lipodystrophy genotypes and represents a potentially useful tool for extended quantitative phenotypic analysis of other genetic metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-6-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T18:19:03Z","timestamp":1157048343000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Semi-automated segmentation and quantification of adipose tissue in calf and thigh by MRI: a preliminary study in patients with monogenic metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Salam A","family":"Al-Attar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rebecca L","family":"Pollex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John F","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brooke A","family":"Miskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Walcarius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brian K","family":"Rutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Hegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"11_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra025261","volume":"350","author":"A Garg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garg A: Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. 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