{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:30:26Z","timestamp":1770892226093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]],"date-time":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1208822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]],"date-time":"2008-04-22T19:32:41Z","timestamp":1208892761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Application of reinforcement learning for segmentation of transrectal ultrasound images"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Farhang","family":"Sahba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamid R","family":"Tizhoosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magdy MA","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"48_CR1","volume-title":"Acoustic scattering theory applied to soft biological tissues","author":"MF Insana","year":"1993","unstructured":"Insana MF, Brown DG: Acoustic scattering theory applied to soft biological tissues. 1993, CRC Press"},{"key":"48_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/7\/014","volume":"51","author":"ND Nanayakkaral","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nanayakkaral ND, Samarabandul J, Fenster A: Prostate segmentation by feature enhancement using domain knowledge and adaptive region based operations. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2006, 51: 1831-1848. 10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/7\/014.","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"48_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.877092","volume":"25","author":"JA Noble","year":"2006","unstructured":"Noble JA, Boukerroui D: Ultrasound Image Segmentation: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2006, 25: 987-1010. 10.1109\/TMI.2006.877092.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"48_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1286722","volume":"27","author":"HM Ladak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ladak HM, Mao F, Wang Y, Downey DB, Steinman DA, Fenster A: Prostate boundary segmentation from 2D ultrasound images. Medical Physics. 2000, 27: 1777-1788. 10.1118\/1.1286722.","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"key":"48_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/21\/007","volume":"49","author":"B Chiu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chiu B, Freeman GH, Salama MMA, Fenster A: Prostate segmentation algorithm using dyadic wavelet transform and discrete dynamic contour. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2004, 49: 4943-4960. 10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/21\/007.","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"48_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1109\/42.897813","volume":"19","author":"SDV Pathak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pathak SDV, Chalana DR, Haynor , Kim Y: Edge-guided boundary delineation in prostate ultrasound images. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2000, 19: 1211-1219. 10.1109\/42.897813.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"48_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.809057","volume":"22","author":"D Shen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shen D, Zhan Y, Davatzikos C: Segmentation of Prostate Boundaries From Ultrasound Images Using Statistical Shape Model. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2003, 22: 539-551. 10.1109\/TMI.2003.809057.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"48_CR8","first-page":"159","volume":"14","author":"JS Prater","year":"1992","unstructured":"Prater JS, Richard WD: Segmenting ultrasound images of the prostate using neural networks, Ultrasound Imaging. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 1992, 14: 159-185.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"48_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.824237","volume":"23","author":"L gong","year":"2004","unstructured":"gong L, Pathak S, Haynor D, Cho P, Kim Y: Parametric Shape Modeling Using Deformable Superellipses for Prostate Segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2004, 23: 340-349. 10.1109\/TMI.2004.824237.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"48_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2004.07.007","volume":"29","author":"N Betrounia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Betrounia N, Vermandela M, Pasquierc D, Maoucheb S, Rousseaua J: Segmentation of abdominal ultrasound images of the prostate using a priori information and an adapted noise filter. Omputerized Medical Imaging and Graphics. 2005, 29: 43-51. 10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2004.07.007.","journal-title":"Omputerized Medical Imaging and Graphics"},{"key":"48_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1568975","volume":"30","author":"Y wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"wang Y, Downey D, Fenster A: Semiautomatic three-dimensional segmentation of the prostate using twodimensional ultrasound images. Medical physics. 2003, 30: 887-897. 10.1118\/1.1568975.","journal-title":"Medical physics"},{"key":"48_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219467806002379","volume":"6","author":"HR Tizhoosh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tizhoosh HR, Taylor GA: Reinforced Contrast Adaptation. International Journal of Image and Graphic. 2006, 6: 377-392. 10.1142\/S0219467806002379.","journal-title":"International Journal of Image and Graphic"},{"key":"48_CR13","volume-title":"First Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision","author":"GA Taylor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taylor GA: A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Parameter Control in Computer Vision Applications. First Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision. 2004"},{"key":"48_CR14","volume-title":"Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision","author":"M Shokri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shokri M, Tizhoosh HR: Q(\u03bb)-based Image Thresholding. Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision. 2004"},{"key":"48_CR15","first-page":"847","volume-title":"Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montreal","author":"F Sahba","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sahba F, Tizhoosh HR: Filter Fusion for Image Enhancement Using Reinforcement Learning. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montreal. 2003, 847-850."},{"key":"48_CR16","first-page":"262","volume-title":"The Fourth IASTED International Conference on Computational Intelligence, July Calgary, Canada","author":"F Sahba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sahba F, Tizhoosh HR, Salama MMA: Using Reinforcement Learning for Filter Fusion in Image Enhancement. The Fourth IASTED International Conference on Computational Intelligence, July Calgary, Canada. 2005, 262-266."},{"key":"48_CR17","first-page":"1238","volume-title":"The IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI), July Vancouver, Canada","author":"F Sahba","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sahba F, Tizhoosh HR, Salama MMA: A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Medical Image Segmentation. The IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI), July Vancouver, Canada. 2006, 1238-1244."},{"key":"48_CR18","volume-title":"The IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), October 2006, Atlanta, United State","author":"F Sahba","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sahba F, Tizhoosh HR, Salama MMA: Increasing object recognition rate using reinforced segmentation. The IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), October 2006, Atlanta, United State. 2006"},{"key":"48_CR19","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning","author":"RS Sutton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sutton RS, Barto AG: Reinforcement Learning. 1998, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press"},{"key":"48_CR20","volume-title":"Introduction to Reinforcement Learning","author":"S Singh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singh S, Norving P, Cohn D: Introduction to Reinforcement Learning. 1996, Harlequin Inc"},{"key":"48_CR21","first-page":"279","volume":"8","author":"CJCH Watkins","year":"1992","unstructured":"Watkins CJCH, Dayan P: Q-Learning. Machine Learning. 1992, 8: 279-292.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"48_CR22","volume-title":"Learning from Delayed Rewards","author":"CJCH Watkins","year":"1989","unstructured":"Watkins CJCH: Learning from Delayed Rewards. 1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University"},{"key":"48_CR23","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: a modern approach","author":"SJ Russell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Russell SJ, Norvig P: Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. 1995, Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice Hall"},{"key":"48_CR24","volume-title":"Digital Image Processing","author":"RC Gonzalez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gonzalez RC, Woods RE: Digital Image Processing. 2002, Prentice Hall"},{"key":"48_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1137\/0215003","volume":"15","author":"J Rourke","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rourke J: The Signature Of A Plane Curve. SIAM J Comput. 1986, 15: 34-51. 10.1137\/0215003.","journal-title":"SIAM J Comput"},{"key":"48_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(93)90047-K","volume":"11","author":"RJ Holt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Holt RJ, Netravali AN: Using Line Correspondences In Invariant Signatures For Curve Recognition. Image and Vision Computing. 1993, 11: 440-446. 10.1016\/0262-8856(93)90047-K.","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"48_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-4-58","volume":"4","author":"F Sahba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sahba F, Tizhoosh HR, Salama MMA: A Coarse-to-fine approach to prostate boundary segmentation in ultrasound images. BioMedical Engineering OnLine. 2005, 4: 58-10.1186\/1475-925X-4-58.","journal-title":"BioMedical Engineering OnLine"},{"key":"48_CR28","volume-title":"Applied Optimal Estimation","author":"A Gelb","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gelb A: Applied Optimal Estimation. 1974, MIT Press"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T20:26:09Z","timestamp":1548102369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2342-8-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"article-number":"8"}}