{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:18:29Z","timestamp":1767651509933},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]],"date-time":"2007-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1179792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is involved in the cardiovascular homeostasis as shown by previous studies reporting a positive association between specific RAAS genotypes and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Anyhow the prognostic role in a long-term follow-up has not been yet investigated.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the most studied RAAS genetic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on the occurrence and the long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at young age in an Italian population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study population consisted of 201 patients and 201 controls, matched for age and sex (mean age 40 \u00b1 4 years; 90.5% males). The most frequent conventional risk factors were smoke (p &lt; 0.001), family history for coronary artery diseases (p &lt; 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.001) and hypertension (p = 0.002). The tested genetic polymorphisms were angiotensin converting enzyme insertion\/deletion (ACE I\/D), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) A1166C and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) C-344T. Considering a long-term follow-up (9 \u00b1 4 years) we compared genetic polymorphisms of patients with and without events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found a borderline significant association of occurrence of AMI with the ACE D\/I polymorphism (DD genotype, 42% in cases vs 31% in controls; p = 0.056). DD genotype remained statistically involved in the incidence of AMI also after adjustment for clinical confounders.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>On the other hand, during the 9-year follow-up (65 events, including 13 deaths) we found a role concerning the AGTR1: the AC heterozygous resulted more represented in the event group (p = 0.016) even if not independent from clinical confounders. Anyhow the Kaplan-Meier event free curves seem to confirm the unfavourable role of this polymorphism.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Polymorphisms in RAAS genes can be important in the onset of a first AMI in young patients (ACE, CYP11B2 polymorphisms), but not in the disease progression after a long follow-up period. Larger collaborative studies are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,23]],"date-time":"2007-05-23T16:31:03Z","timestamp":1179937863000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system polymorphisms: a role or a hole in occurrence and long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction at young age"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Erica","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Crobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Anselmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Frea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Matullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Paolo","family":"Trevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Bergerone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2005.06.006","volume":"39","author":"MA Nordlie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nordlie MA, Wold LE, Kloner RA: Genetic contributors toward increased risk for ischemic heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2005, 39 (4): 667-79. 10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2005.06.006.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"221_CR2","first-page":"505","volume":"28","author":"M Imazio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Imazio M, Bobbio M, Bergerone S, Barlera S, Maggioni AP: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of juvenile myocardial infarction in Italy: the GISSI experience. G Ital Cardiol. 1998, 28 (5): 505-12.","journal-title":"G Ital Cardiol"},{"issue":"962","key":"221_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.027532","volume":"81","author":"M Egred","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egred M, Viswanathan G, Davis GK: Myocardial infarction in young adults. Postgrad Med J. 2005, 81 (962): 741-5. 10.1136\/pgmj.2004.027532.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"221_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00254-2","volume":"26","author":"FH Zimmerman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zimmerman FH, Cameron A, Fisher LD, Ng G: Myocardial infarction in young adults: angiographic characterization, risk factors and prognosis (Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995, 26 (3): 654-61. 10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00254-2.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6396","key":"221_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/359641a0","volume":"359","author":"F Cambien","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, Evans A, Cambou JP, Arveiler D, Luc G, Bard JM, Bara L, Ricard S, Tiret L, Amouyel P, Alhenc-Gelas F, Soubrier F: Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature. 1992, 359 (6396): 641-4. 10.1038\/359641a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8927","key":"221_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92268-3","volume":"344","author":"L Tiret","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tiret L, Bonnardeaux A, Poirier O, Ricard S, Marques-Vidal P, Evans A, Arveiler D, Luc G, Kee F, Ducimetiere P: Synergistic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994, 344 (8927): 910-3. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92268-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"221_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00535-9","volume":"29","author":"C Amant","year":"1997","unstructured":"Amant C, Hamon M, Bauters C, Richard F, Helbecque N, McFadden EP, Escudero X, Lablanche JM, Amouyel P, Bertrand ME: The angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with coronary artery vasoconstriction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997, 29 (3): 486-90. 10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00535-9.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"221_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.5.825","volume":"32","author":"AP Osterop","year":"1998","unstructured":"Osterop AP, Kofflard MJ, Sandkuijl LA, ten Cate FJ, Krams R, Schalekamp MA, Danser AH: AT1 receptor A\/C1166 polymorphism contributes to cardiac hypertrophy in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertension. 1998, 32 (5): 825-30.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02521.x","volume":"52","author":"KE Berge","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berge KE, Bakken A, Bohn M, Erikssen J, Berg K: A DNA polymorphism at the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) locus and myocardial infarction. Clin Genet. 1997, 52 (2): 71-6.","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"221_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000084592","volume":"103","author":"GK Andrikopoulos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andrikopoulos GK, Tzeis SM, Needham EW, Richter DJ, Zairis MN, Gialafos EJ, Kardaras FG, Foussas SG, Stefanadis CI, Toutouzas PK, Mattu R, GEMIG study investigators: Lack of association between common polymorphisms in genes of the renin-angiotensin system and mortality after myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 2005, 103 (4): 185-8. 10.1159\/000084592.","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"221_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816100-00007","volume":"16","author":"O Poirier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poirier O, Georges JL, Ricard S, Arveiler D, Ruidavets JB, Luc G, Evans A, Cambien F, Tiret L: New polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene and their associations with myocardial infarction and blood pressure: the ECTIM study. Etude Cas-Temoin de l'Infarctus du Myocarde. J Hypertens. 1998, 16 (10): 1443-7. 10.1097\/00004872-199816100-00007.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"221_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105200403","volume":"52","author":"D Petrovic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petrovic D, Zorc M, Kanic V, Peterlin B: Interaction between gene polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin system and metabolic risk factors in premature myocardial infarction. Angiology. 2001, 52 (4): 247-52.","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"221_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO, Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease: Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology\/World Health Organization task force on standardization of clinical nomenclature. Circulation. 1979, 59 (3): 607-9.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.59.3.607"},{"issue":"7","key":"221_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.7.733","volume":"159","author":"DR Jacobs Jr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jacobs DR, Adachi H, Mulder I, Kromhout D, Menotti A, Nissinen A, Blackburn H: Cigarette smoking and mortality risk: twenty-five-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study. Arch Intern Med. 1999, 159 (7): 733-40. 10.1001\/archinte.159.7.733.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"221_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040583","volume":"350","author":"CP Cannon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 1495-504. 10.1056\/NEJMoa040583.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"221_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002, 106: 3143-3421.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"221_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V). Arch Intern Med. 1993, 153 (2): 154-83. 10.1001\/archinte.153.2.154.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.153.2.154"},{"issue":"3","key":"221_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215","volume":"16","author":"SA Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF: A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988, 16 (3): 1215-10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"221_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1086\/320104","volume":"68","author":"X Zhu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhu X, Bouzekri N, Southam L, Cooper RS, Adeyemo A, McKenzie CA, Luke A, Chen G, Elston RC, Ward R: Linkage and association analysis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-gene polymorphisms with ACE concentration and blood pressure. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68 (5): 1139-48. 10.1086\/320104.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.362","volume":"50","author":"H Yoshida","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yoshida H, Kuriyama S, Atsumi Y, Tomonari H, Mitarai T, Hamaguchi A, Kubo H, Kawaguchi Y, Kon V, Matsuoka K, Ichikawa I, Sakai O: Angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1996, 50 (2): 657-64. 10.1038\/ki.1996.362.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"221_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1081\/CEH-100107390","volume":"23","author":"M Matsubara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsubara M, Omori F, Fujita S, Metoki H, Kikuya M, Fujiwara T, Araki T, Imai Y: Haplotypes of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene in the general population of Japan: the Ohasama study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2001, 23 (8): 603-10. 10.1081\/CEH-100107390.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"9","key":"221_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033455459","volume":"9","author":"R Igic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Igic R, Behnia R: Properties and distribution of angiotensin I converting enzyme. Curr Pharm Des. 2003, 9 (9): 697-706. 10.2174\/1381612033455459.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"5","key":"221_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02927-3","volume":"41","author":"BR Palmer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Palmer BR, Pilbrow AP, Yandle TG, Frampton CM, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Cameron VA: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism interacts with left ventricular ejection fraction and brain natriuretic peptide levels to predict mortality after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 41 (5): 729-36. 10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02927-3.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9202","key":"221_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)82009-7","volume":"355","author":"B Keavney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keavney B, McKenzie C, Parish S, Palmer A, Clark S, Youngman L, Delepine M, Lathrop M, Peto R, Collins R: Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion\/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls. International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. Lancet. 2000, 355 (9202): 434-42. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)82009-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00139-8","volume":"28","author":"NJ Samani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Samani NJ, O'Toole L, Martin D, Rai H, Fletcher S, Thompson JR, Morice AH, Kanner K, Koods KL: Insertion\/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and risk of and prognosis after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996, 28 (2): 338-44.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"221_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000142858.44680.27","volume":"110","author":"A Garnier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garnier A, Bendall JK, Fuchs S, Escoubet B, Rochais F, Hoerter J, Nehme J, Ambroisine ML, De Angelis N, Morineau G, d'Estienne P, Fischmeister R, Heymes C, Pinet F, Delcayre C: Cardiac specific increase in aldosterone production induces coronary dysfunction in aldosterone synthase-transgenic mice. Circulation. 2004, 110 (13): 1819-25. 10.1161\/01.CIR.0000142858.44680.27.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"22","key":"221_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.22.2213","volume":"100","author":"A Hautanen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hautanen A, Toivanen P, Manttari M, Tenkanen L, Kupari M, Manninen V, Kays KM, Rosenfeld S, White PC: Joint effects of an aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene polymorphism and classic risk factors on risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999, 100 (22): 2213-8.","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T08:36:57Z","timestamp":1630485417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedgenet.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2350-8-27","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2007","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2007","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"27"}}