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The characterisation of early tumour development is of major interest in order to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic agents. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>characterisation allows visualisation and characterisation of tumour development in early stages prior to manual palpation. Contrast agents for MRI such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) and manganese chloride (MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) represent powerful tools for the<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>characterisation of early stage tumours. In this experimental study, we labelled prostate cancer cells with MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>or SPIOs<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and used 1\u2009T MRI for tracing labelled cells<jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>and 7\u2009T MRI for tracking in an<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Labelling of prostate cancer cells CT1258 was established<jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>with MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and SPIOs.<jats:italic>In-vitro<\/jats:italic>detection of labelled cells in an agar phantom was carried out through 1\u2009T MRI while<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>detection was performed using 7\u2009T MRI after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of labelled cells into NOD-Scid mice (n\u2009=\u200920). The animals were scanned in regular intervals until euthanization. The respective tumour volumes were analysed and corresponding tumour masses were subjected to histologic examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>labelling resulted in no significant metabolic effects on proliferation and cell vitality.<jats:italic>In-vitro<\/jats:italic>detection-limit accounted 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>cells for MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>as well as for SPIOs labelling.<jats:italic>In-vivo<\/jats:italic>7\u2009T MRI scans allowed detection of 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>and 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>cells.<jats:italic>In-vivo<\/jats:italic>MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>labelled cells were detectable from days 4\u201316 while SPIO labelling allowed detection until 4\u2009days after s.c. injection. MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>labelled cells were highly tumourigenic in NOD-Scid mice and the tumour volume development was characterised in a time dependent manner. The amount of injected cells correlated with tumour size development and disease progression. Histological analysis of the induced tumour masses demonstrated characteristic morphologies of prostate adenocarcinoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting direct<jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>labelling and 7\u2009T based<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>MRI tracing of cancer cells in a model of prostate cancer. MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>labelling was found to be suitable for<jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic>tracing allowing long detection periods. The labelled cells kept their highly tumourigenic potential<jats:italic>in-vivo.<\/jats:italic>Tumour volume development was visualised prior to manual palpation allowing tumour characterisation in early stages of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T12:14:07Z","timestamp":1342008847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Longitudinal MRI contrast enhanced monitoring of early tumour development with manganese chloride (MnCl2) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) in a CT1258 based in vivo model of prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katharina A","family":"Sterenczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Glage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Willenbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wefstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Dorsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Bullerdiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Murua","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Hedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","volume":"61","author":"A Jemal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D: Global cancer statistics. 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