{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:14:48Z","timestamp":1793459688145,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the breast is a rare type of carcinoma that has not been well studied or characterized. Of the limited number of studies reported in the literature, most are case reports. A few small retrospective series studies have been reported.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reviewed data on 142 cases of mammary NEC recorded in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database during 2003\u20132009 and evaluated disease incidence and patient age, sex, and race\/ethnicity; clinicopathologic characteristics; and survival in comparison to invasive mammary carcinoma, not otherwise specified. We also performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify prognostic factors in this disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Review of the 142 SEER cases revealed that NEC is an aggressive variant of invasive mammary carcinoma. It generally occurred in older women (&gt;60\u00a0years); present with larger tumor size (&gt;20\u00a0mm), higher histologic grade, and higher clinical stage; and result in shorter overall survival and disease-specific survival than invasive mammary carcinoma, not otherwise specified (IMC-NOS). Overall survival and disease-specific survival were shorter in NEC at each stage than in IMC-NOS of the same stage. Furthermore, when all NEC and IMC-NOS cases were pooled together, neuroendocrine differentiation itself was an adverse prognostic factor independent of other known prognostic factors, including age, tumor size, nodal status, histologic grade, estrogen\/progesterone receptor status, and therapy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>NEC is a rare but aggressive type of mammary carcinoma. Novel therapeutic approaches should be explored for this uniquely clinical entity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T02:03:39Z","timestamp":1393898619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: a population-based study from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance T","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-197712000-00001","volume":"1","author":"AL Cubilla","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cubilla AL, Woodruff JM: Primary carcinoid tumor of the breast: a report of 8 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1977, 1: 283-292. 10.1097\/00000478-197712000-00001.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/72.6.909","volume":"72","author":"ER Fisher","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fisher ER, Palekar AS: Solid and mucinous varieties of so-called mammary carcinoid tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979, 72 (6): 909-916.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1982.tb02750.x","volume":"6","author":"JG Azzopardi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Azzopardi JG, Muretto P, Goddeeris P, Eusebi V, Lauweryns JM: \u2018Carcinoid\u2019 tumours of the breast: the morphological spectrum of argyrophil carcinomas. 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Breast. 2003, 12 (4): 251-257. 10.1016\/S0960-9776(03)00059-6.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2008.12.007","volume":"6","author":"F Rovera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rovera F, Masciocchi P, Coglitore A, La Rosa S, Dionigi G, Marelli M, Boni L, Dionigi R: Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast. Int J Surg. 2008, 6 (Suppl 1): S113-S115.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"4373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1053\/S0046-8177(03)00411-8","volume":"34","author":"N Makretsov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Makretsov N, Gilks CB, Coldman AJ, Hayes M, Huntsman D: Tissue microarray analysis of neuroendocrine differentiation and its prognostic significance in breast cancer. 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