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In the present study, we examine the hypothesis that the VA preparations induce activation of human DC that facilitates effective tumor regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four day old monocyte-derived immature DCs were treated with VA Qu Spez at 5, 10 and 15 \u03bcg\/ml for 48 hrs. The expression of surface molecules was analyzed by flow cytometry. The ability of Qu Spez-educated DC to stimulate T cells was analyzed by allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and activation of Melan-A\/MART-1-specific M77-80 CD8+T cells. Cytokines in cell free culture supernatant was analyzed by cytokine bead array assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>VA Qu Spez stimulated DCs presented with increased expression of antigen presenting molecule HLA-DR and of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86. The VA Qu Spez also induced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Further, Qu Spez-educated DC stimulated CD4+T cells in a allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and activated melanoma antigen Melan-A\/MART-1-specific M77-80 CD8+T cells as evidenced by increased secretion of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN\u03b3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The VA preparations stimulate the maturation and activation of human DCs, which may facilitate anti-tumoral immune responses. These results should assist in understanding the immunostimulatory properties of VA preparations and improving the therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T18:13:55Z","timestamp":1212603235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Induction of maturation and activation of human dendritic cells: A mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of Viscum albumas complimentary therapy in cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sri Ramulu","family":"Elluru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul Duong","family":"van Huyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Delignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel D","family":"Kazatchkine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Friboulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srini V","family":"Kaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Bayry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"1099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)33440-9","volume":"257","author":"S Olsnes","year":"1982","unstructured":"Olsnes S, Stirpe F, Sandvig K, Pihl A: Isolation and characterization of viscumin, a toxic lectin from Viscum album L. 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