{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:59:06Z","timestamp":1763017146559},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]],"date-time":"2011-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316563200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tourette syndrome is a neurologic disorder that is characterized by repetitive muscle contractions that produce stereotyped movements or sounds. Approximately 50% of individuals with TS also exhibit obsessive-compulsive behaviors including eye rubbing. We report a case of bilateral self-induced keratoconus in a patient with TS, associated with compulsive eye rubbing.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A 35-year-old man was first seen in our clinic as an outpatient due to rapid deterioration of vision in his right eye associated with pain and tearing, over a period of one month. Slit lamp biomicroscopy of the right eye showed a central stromal scar due to corneal hydrops. Clinical examination and corneal topography of the left eye were normal. Six months later the patient developed corneal hydrops of his left eye. During the following examinations his vision continued to deteriorate in both eyes, while a central stromal scar was forming in his left cornea. Four years after the initial examination the patient's visual acuity was no light perception in the right eye and counting fingers at 33 cm in the left eye. His right eye was phthisic.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our patient developed a rapidly progressing bilateral corneal ectasia and phthisis of his right eye during a time period of 4 years. This unusual pattern suggests that the patient's compulsive behavior compromised both of his corneas and led to bilateral keratoconus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,22]],"date-time":"2011-09-22T06:22:08Z","timestamp":1316672528000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A case of bilateral self-induced keratoconus in a patient with tourette syndrome associated with compulsive eye rubbing: case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Artemios","family":"Kandarakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Karampelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Soumplis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Panos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Kandarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Karagiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"218_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 1994, American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"218_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(86)90045-7","volume":"2","author":"G Golden","year":"1986","unstructured":"Golden G: Tourette syndrome: recent advances. Pediatr Neurol. 1986, 2: 189-92. 10.1016\/0887-8994(86)90045-7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"218_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00516-0","volume":"186","author":"JP Melun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Melun JP, Morin LM, Muise JG, DesRosiers M: Color vision deficiencies in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2001, 186 (1-2): 107-10. 10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00516-0.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"218_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.6.930","volume":"122","author":"S Lim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lim S, Rezai KA, Abrams GW, Eliott D: Self-induced, bilateral retinal detachment in Tourette syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004, 122 (6): 930-1. 10.1001\/archopht.122.6.930.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"218_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02279870","volume":"13","author":"JM Enoch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Enoch JM, Itzhaki A, Lakshminarayanan V, Comerford JP, Lieberman M: Visual field defects detected in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: preliminary report. Int Ophthalmol. 1989, 13 (5): 331-44. 10.1007\/BF02279870.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","volume":"42","author":"YS Rabinowitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rabinowitz YS: Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998, 42 (4): 297-319. 10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"218_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3129\/i10-072","volume":"46","author":"RS Mashor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mashor RS, Kumar NL, Ritenour RJ, Rootman DS: Keratoconus caused by eye rubbing in patients with Tourette Syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol. 2011, 46 (1): 83-6. 10.3129\/i10-072.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8","volume":"28","author":"JH Krachmer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW: Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984, 28 (4): 293-322. 10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"218_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.7.522","volume":"60","author":"AG Karseras","year":"1976","unstructured":"Karseras AG, Ruben M: Aetiology of keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976, 60 (7): 522-5. 10.1136\/bjo.60.7.522.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"218_CR10","first-page":"991","volume":"10","author":"AR Gasset","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gasset AR, Hinson WA, Frias JL: Keratoconus and atopic diseases. Ann Ophthalmol. 1978, 10 (8): 991-4.","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1948.00900030466006","volume":"40","author":"A Rados","year":"1948","unstructured":"Rados A: Conical cornea and mongolism. Arch Ophthal. 1948, 40 (4): 454-78.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthal"},{"issue":"1","key":"218_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000305329","volume":"155","author":"I Karel","year":"1968","unstructured":"Karel I: Keratoconus in congenital diffuse tapetoretinal degeneration. Ophthalmologica. 1968, 155 (1): 8-15. 10.1159\/000305329.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"218_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318198384f","volume":"28","author":"CW McMonnies","year":"2009","unstructured":"McMonnies CW: Mechanisms of rubbing-related corneal trauma in keratoconus. Cornea. 2009, 28 (6): 607-15. 10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318198384f.","journal-title":"Cornea"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T16:55:28Z","timestamp":1630515328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"28"}}