{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:07:12Z","timestamp":1769123232087,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]],"date-time":"2012-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344211200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The purpose of this study is to validate the use of visual evoked potential (VEP) to objectively quantify visual acuity in normal and amblyopic patients, and determine if it is possible to predict visual acuity in disability assessment to register visual pathway lesions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients diagnosed with normal vision, unilateral amblyopia, optic neuritis, and visual disability who visited the university medical center for registration from March 2007 to October 2009. The study included 20 normal subjects (20 right eyes: 10 females, 10 males, ages 9\u201342\u2009years), 18 unilateral amblyopic patients (18 amblyopic eyes, ages 19\u201336\u2009years), 19 optic neuritis patients (19 eyes: ages 9\u201371\u2009years), and 10 patients with visual disability having visual pathway lesions. Amplitude and latencies were analyzed and correlations with visual acuity (logMAR) were derived from 20 normal and 18 amblyopic subjects. Correlation of VEP amplitude and visual acuity (logMAR) of 19 optic neuritis patients confirmed relationships between visual acuity and amplitude. We calculated the objective visual acuity (logMAR) of 16 eyes from 10 patients to diagnose the presence or absence of visual disability using relations derived from 20 normal and 18 amblyopic eyes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Linear regression analyses between amplitude of pattern visual evoked potentials and visual acuity (logMAR) of 38 eyes from normal (right eyes) and amblyopic (amblyopic eyes) subjects were significant [y\u2009=\u2009\u22120.072x\u2009+\u20091.22, x: VEP amplitude, y: visual acuity (logMAR)]. There were no significant differences between visual acuity prediction values, which substituted amplitude values of 19 eyes with optic neuritis into function. We calculated the objective visual acuity of 16 eyes of 10 patients to diagnose the presence or absence of visual disability using relations of y\u2009=\u2009\u22120.072x\u2009+\u20091.22 (\u22120.072). This resulted in a prediction reference of visual acuity associated with malingering vs. real disability in a range &gt;5.77\u2009\u03bcV. The results could be useful, especially in cases of no obvious pale disc with trauma.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Visual acuity quantification using absolute value of amplitude in pattern visual evoked potentials was useful in confirming subjective visual acuity for cutoff values &gt;5.77\u2009\u03bcV in disability evaluation to discriminate the malingering from real disability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]],"date-time":"2012-08-06T12:14:23Z","timestamp":1344255263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assessment of visual disability using visual evoked potentials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jihoon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiyul","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungeun","family":"Kyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(76)90046-1","volume":"21","author":"S Sokol","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sokol S: Visually evoked potentials: theory, techniques and clinical applications. Surv Ophthalmol. 1976, 21 (1): 18-44. 10.1016\/0039-6257(76)90046-1.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR2","first-page":"56","volume":"9","author":"GW Weinstein","year":"1978","unstructured":"Weinstein GW: Clinical aspects of the visually evoked potential. Ophthalmic Surg. 1978, 9 (1): 56-65.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"250_CR3","first-page":"39","volume":"93","author":"GB Arden","year":"1973","unstructured":"Arden GB, Lewis DR: The pattern visual evoked response in the assessment of visual acuity. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1973, 93: 39-48.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR4","first-page":"105","volume":"101","author":"JW Howe","year":"1981","unstructured":"Howe JW, Mitchell KW, Robson C: Electrophysiological assessment of visual acuity. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1981, 101 (1): 105-108.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"issue":"3","key":"250_CR5","first-page":"212","volume":"227","author":"Y Raniel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Raniel Y, Pratt H, Neumann E, Schacham SE: Miniature fiber-optic pattern-reversal stimulator for determination of the visual evoked potential threshold; comparison with Snellen acuity. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle. Ophthalmologie. 1989, 227 (3): 212-215.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"250_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90436-4","volume":"108","author":"M Steele","year":"1989","unstructured":"Steele M, Seiple WH, Carr RE, Klug R: The clinical utility of visual-evoked potential acuity testing. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989, 108 (5): 572-577.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"250_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90049-3","volume":"92","author":"R Emmerson-Hanover","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emmerson-Hanover R, Shearer DE, Creel DJ, Dustman RE: Pattern reversal evoked potentials: gender differences and age-related changes in amplitude and latency. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994, 92 (2): 93-101. 10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90049-3.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR8","first-page":"58","volume":"15","author":"S Sokol","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sokol S, Dobson V: Pattern reversal visually evoked potentials in infants. Invest Ophthalmol. 1976, 15 (1): 58-62.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-198002010-00012","volume":"20","author":"S Sokol","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sokol S: Pattern visual evoked potentials: their use in pediatric ophthalmology. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1980, 20 (1): 251-268.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"250_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90109-7","volume":"21","author":"CW Tyler","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tyler CW, Nakayama K, Apkarian PA, Levi DM: VEP assessment of visual function. Vis Res. 1981, 21 (4): 607-609. 10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90109-7.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"250_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198510000-00002","volume":"62","author":"DE Wiener","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wiener DE, Wellish K, Nelson JI, Kupersmith MJ: Comparisons among Snellen, psychophysical, and evoked potential visual acuity determinations. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985, 62 (10): 669-679. 10.1097\/00006324-198510000-00002.","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"250_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.130245","volume":"92","author":"M Bach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bach M, Maurer JP, Wolf ME: Visual evoked potential-based acuity assessment in normal vision, artificially degraded vision, and in patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008, 92 (3): 396-403. 10.1136\/bjo.2007.130245.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.03.002","volume":"14","author":"CS Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen CS, Lee AW, Karagiannis A, Crompton JL, Selva D: Practical clinical approaches to functional visual loss. J Clin Neurosci. 2007, 14 (1): 1-7. 10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.03.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-009-9195-4","volume":"120","author":"JV Odom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Odom JV, Bach M, Brigell M, Holder GE, McCulloch DL, Tormene AP: Vaegan: ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2009 update). Doc Ophthalmol Adv Ophthalmol. 2010, 120 (1): 111-119.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol Adv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"250_CR15","first-page":"502","volume":"245","author":"VA McBain","year":"2007","unstructured":"McBain VA, Robson AG, Hogg CR, Holder GE: Assessment of patients with suspected non-organic visual loss using pattern appearance visual evoked potentials. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle. Ophthalmologie. 2007, 245 (4): 502-510.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"12","key":"250_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.026","volume":"114","author":"FC Gundogan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gundogan FC, Sobaci G, Bayer A: Pattern visual evoked potentials in the assessment of visual acuity in malingering. Ophthalmology. 2007, 114 (12): 2332-2337. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.026.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200103000-00013","volume":"21","author":"A Nakamura","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nakamura A, Akio T, Matsuda E, Wakami Y: Pattern visual evoked potentials in malingering. J Neuroophthalmol: Off J N Am Neuroophthalmol Soc. 2001, 21 (1): 42-45.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol: Off J N Am Neuroophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"250_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-010-9361-4","volume":"30","author":"FC Gundogan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gundogan FC, Mutlu FM, Altinsoy HI, Tas A, Oz O, Sobaci G: Pattern visual evoked potentials in the assessment of objective visual acuity in amblyopic children. Int Ophthalmol. 2010, 30 (4): 377-383. 10.1007\/s10792-010-9361-4.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"250_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198305000-00005","volume":"60","author":"JV Odom","year":"1983","unstructured":"Odom JV, Maida TM, Dawson WW, Romano PE: Retinal and cortical pattern responses: a comparison of infants and adults. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1983, 60 (5): 369-375. 10.1097\/00006324-198305000-00005.","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"5","key":"250_CR20","first-page":"272","volume":"232","author":"O Katsumi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Katsumi O, Mehta MC, Larson-Park EW, Skladzien CJ, Hirose T: Pattern reversal visual evoked response and Snellen visual acuity. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle. Ophthalmologie. 1994, 232 (5): 272-278.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"4","key":"250_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001853420082","volume":"96","author":"FR Paranhos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Paranhos FR, Katsum O, Arai M, Nehemy MB, Hirose T: Pattern reversal visual evoked response in retinitis pigmentosa. Doc Ophthalmol Adv Ophthalmol. 1998, 96 (4): 321-331.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol Adv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"250_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.231","volume":"11","author":"GE Holder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holder GE: The pattern electroretinogram in anterior visual pathway dysfunction and its relationship to the pattern visual evoked potential: a personal clinical review of 743 eyes. Eye (London, England). 1997, 11 (Pt 6): 924-934.","journal-title":"Eye (London, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"250_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00159171","volume":"59","author":"CE Wright","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wright CE, Williams DE, Drasdo N, Harding GF: The influence of age on the electroretinogram and visual evoked potential. Doc Ophthalmol Adv Ophthalmol. 1985, 59 (4): 365-384.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol Adv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"250_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(93)90023-I","volume":"88","author":"S Tobimatsu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tobimatsu S, Kurita-Tashima S, Nakayama-Hiromatsu M, Akazawa K, Kato M: Age-related changes in pattern visual evoked potentials: differential effects of luminance, contrast and check size. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993, 88 (1): 12-19. 10.1016\/0168-5597(93)90023-I.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T19:37:33Z","timestamp":1630525053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-12-36","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"36"}}