{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:03:51Z","timestamp":1787501031049,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366329600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To screen for visual impairment in Malaysian preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual screening was conducted in 400 preschool children aged 4 to 6\u00a0years. The screening involved two basic procedures; the distant visual acuity test using the Sheridan Gardiner chart and the depth perception test using the Langs stereoacuity test. Criteria for referral were a visual acuity of 6\/12 or less in the better eye or a fail in the depth perception test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of visual impairment was 5% (95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20093.3, 7.6). Of the 400 preschool children screened, 20 of them failed the distant visual acuity test or the stereopsis test. Refractive errors were the most common cause of visual impairment (95%, 95% CI\u2009=\u200976.2, 98.8); myopic astigmatism was the commonest type of refractive error (63.2%, 95% CI\u2009=\u200940.8, 80.9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is a small but important step in the effort to understand the problem of visual impairment among our preschool children. Our study showed that it is feasible to measure distant visual acuity and stereopsis in this age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T10:14:36Z","timestamp":1366366476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The screening of visual impairment among preschool children in an urban population in Malaysia; the Kuching pediatric eye study: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mallika","family":"Premsenthil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Manju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asokumaran","family":"Thanaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Alwi","family":"Syed Abdul Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Aik Kah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00187.x","volume":"43","author":"HF Prechtl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prechtl HF, Cioni G, Einspieler C, Bos AF, Ferrari F: Role of vision on early motor development: lessons from the blind. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001, 43 (3): 198-201.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"309_CR2","first-page":"46","volume":"36","author":"CL Hong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hong CL, Press LJ: Visual factors in childhood behavioral disorders. California Optometry. 2009, 36 (4): 46-54.","journal-title":"California Optometry"},{"issue":"10","key":"309_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.006","volume":"115","author":"DS Friedman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Giordano L, Ibironke J, Hawes P, Burkom D, Tielsch JM: Prevalence of decreased visual acuity among preschool-aged children in an American urban population: the Baltimore pediatric eye disease study, methods, and results. Ophthalmology. 2008, 115 (10): 1786-1795. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.006.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"309_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.1.153","volume":"98","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"1996","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics: Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 1996, 98: 153-","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"309_CR5","first-page":"361","volume":"3","author":"Community Pediatric Committee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Community Pediatric Committee: Vision screening in infants and children. Pediatr Child Health. 1998, 3: 361-362.","journal-title":"Pediatr Child Health"},{"key":"309_CR6","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics 2010","author":"Population and Housing Census of Malaysia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Population and Housing Census of Malaysia: Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics 2010. 2010, Malaysia: Department of Statistics, 74-"},{"key":"309_CR7","unstructured":"School Vision Screening Guidelines. Screening Procedure for Distance Visual Acuity: Grades K, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. 2011, Albany, New York: The University of the State of New York, 7-"},{"key":"309_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318204509b","volume":"88","author":"JO Ibironke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ibironke JO, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Giordano L, Hawse P, Tielsch JM: Child development and refractive errors in preschool children. Optom Vis Sci. 2011, 88: 181-187. 10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318204509b.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"309_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970590890949","volume":"13","author":"J Ohlsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ohlsson J: Defining amblyopia: the need for a joint classification. Strabismus. 2005, 13: 15-20. 10.1080\/09273970590890949.","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"issue":"4","key":"309_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181993f42","volume":"86","author":"P Jamali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jamali P, Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Younesian M, Jafari A: Refractive errors and amblyopia in children entering school: Shahrood, Iran. Optom Vis Sci. 2009, 86 (4): 364-369. 10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181993f42.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"309_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02470.x","volume":"39","author":"DS Fan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fan DS, Lai C, Lau HH, Cheung EY, Lam DS: Change in vision disorders among Hong Kong preschoolers in 10 years. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2011, 39 (5): 398-403. 10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02470.x.","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"309_CR12","first-page":"3411","volume":"51","author":"A Chia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chia A, Dirani M, Chan YH, Gazzard G, Au Eong KG, Selvaraj P, Ling Y, Quah BL, Young TL, Mitchell P, Varma R, Wong TY, Saw SM: Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in young Singaporean Chinese children. IOVS. 2010, 51: 3411-3417.","journal-title":"IOVS"},{"issue":"16","key":"309_CR13","first-page":"470","volume":"4","author":"KJD Karki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karki KJD: Prevalence of amblyopia in ametropias in a clinical set-up. Kathmandu Univ Med Jour. 2006, 4 (16): 470-473.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med Jour"},{"issue":"4","key":"309_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.030","volume":"116","author":"L Giordano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giordano L, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, Ibironke J, Hawes P, Tielsch JM: Prevalence of refractive error among preschool children in an urban population: the Baltimore pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology. 2009, 116 (4): 739-746. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.030.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"309_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3587","volume":"51","author":"M Dirani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dirani M, Chan YH, Gazzard G, Hornbeak DM, Leo SW, Selvaraj P, Zhuo B, Young TL, Mitchell P, Varma R, Wong TY, Saw SM: Prevalence of refractive error in Singaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error in young Singaporean Children (STARS) study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010, 51 (3): 1348-1355. 10.1167\/iovs.09-3587.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"309_CR16","first-page":"271","volume":"41","author":"HC Lim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lim HC, Quah BL, Balakrishnan V, Lim CH, Tay V, Emmanuel SC: Vision screening of four-year old children in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2000, 41: 271-278.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"309_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.2.189","volume":"125","author":"EC Engle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Engle EC: Genetic basis of congenital strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007, 125: 189-195. 10.1001\/archopht.125.2.189.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"309_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.02.037","volume":"148","author":"MJ Trager","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trager MJ, Dirani M, Fan Q, Gazzard G, Selvaraj P, Chia A, Wong TY, Young TL, Varma R, Saw SM: Testability of vision and refraction in preschoolers: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error study in singaporean children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009, 148 (2): 235-241. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.02.037.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"309_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.09.017","volume":"16","author":"AS Pai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pai AS, Rose KA, Samarawickrama C, Fotedar R, Burlutsky G, Varma R, Mitchell P: Testability of refraction, stereopsis, and other ocular measures in preschool children: the Sydney paediatric eye disease study. J AAPOS. 2012, 16 (2): 185-192. 10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.09.017.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"309_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1994.tb00421.x","volume":"38","author":"M Warburg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Warburg M: Visual impairment among people with developmental delay. J Intellec Disabil Res. 1994, 38: 423-432.","journal-title":"J Intellec Disabil Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"309_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00505-X","volume":"55","author":"AB der Wiel","year":"2002","unstructured":"der Wiel AB, van Exel E, de Craen AJ, Gussekloo J, Lagaay AM, Knook DL, Westendorp RG: A high response is not essential to prevent selection bias: results from the Leiden 85-plus study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002, 55 (11): 1119-1125. 10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00505-X.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T07:21:36Z","timestamp":1644823296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-13-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"16"}}