{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:31:21Z","timestamp":1790796681193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T20:45:11Z","timestamp":1391114711000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["On the ocular findings in ochronosis: a systematic review of literature"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Lindner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bertelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)70560-7","volume":"230","author":"BN La Du","year":"1958","unstructured":"La Du BN, Zannoni VG, Laster L, Seegmiller JE: The nature of the defect in tyrosine metabolism in alcaptonuria. J Biol Chem. 1958, 230: 251-260.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"382_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)41972-6","volume":"2","author":"E Garrod","year":"1902","unstructured":"Garrod E: The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality. Lancet. 1902, 2: 1616-1620.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"382_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021736","volume":"347","author":"C Phornphutkul","year":"2002","unstructured":"Phornphutkul C, Introne WJ, Perry MB, Bernardini I, Murphey MD, Fitzpatrick DL, Anderson PD, Huizing M, Anikster Y, Gerber LH, Gahl WA: Natural history of alkaptonuria. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347: 2111-2121. 10.1056\/NEJMoa021736.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"382_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.39.7.e40","volume":"39","author":"E Goicoechea De Jorge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goicoechea De Jorge E, Lorda I, Gallardo ME, Perez B, Perez De Ferran C, Mendoza H, Rodriguez De Cordoba S: Alkaptonuria in the Dominican Republic: identification of the founder AKU mutation and further evidence of mutation hot spots in the HGO gene. J Med Genet. 2002, 39: E40-10.1136\/jmg.39.7.e40.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"382_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1086\/321209","volume":"67","author":"A Zatkova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zatkova A, de Bernabe DB, Polakova H, Zvarik M, Ferakova E, Bosak V, Ferak V, Kadasi L, de Cordoba SR: High frequency of alkaptonuria in Slovakia: evidence for the appearance of multiple mutations in HGO involving different mutational hot spots. Am J Hum Genet. 2000, 67: 1333-1339. 10.1086\/321209.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"382_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-011-9363-z","volume":"34","author":"A Zatkova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zatkova A: An update on molecular genetics of Alkaptonuria (AKU). J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011, 34: 1127-1136. 10.1007\/s10545-011-9363-z.","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"382_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)81406-0","volume":"216","author":"WE Knox","year":"1955","unstructured":"Knox WE, Edwards SW: Homogentisate oxidase of liver. J Biol Chem. 1955, 216: 479-487.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"382_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0490686","volume":"49","author":"WE Knox","year":"1951","unstructured":"Knox WE, Le M-KM: The oxidation in liver of l-tyrosine to acetoacetate through p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and homogentisic acid. Biochem J. 1951, 49: 686-693.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"382_CR9","volume-title":"Ueber das Wesen der Alkaptonurie","author":"E Baumann","year":"1894","unstructured":"Baumann E: Ueber das Wesen der Alkaptonurie. 1894, Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer"},{"key":"382_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(63)90089-5","volume":"34","author":"WM O\u2019Brien","year":"1963","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien WM, La Du BN, Bunim JJ: Biochemical, pathologic and clinical aspects of alcaptonuria, ochronosis and ochronotic arthropathy: review of world literature (1584\u20131962). Am J Med. 1963, 34: 813-838. 10.1016\/0002-9343(63)90089-5.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"382_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780050603","volume":"5","author":"VG Zannoni","year":"1962","unstructured":"Zannoni VG, Malawista SE, La Du BN: Studies on ochronosis. II. Studies on benzoquinoneacetic acid, a probale intermediate in the connective tissue pigmentation of alcaptonuria. Arthritis Rheum. 1962, 5: 547-556. 10.1002\/art.1780050603.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"382_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90200-1","volume":"20","author":"JJ Gaines Jr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gaines JJ: The pathology of alkaptonuric ochronosis. Hum Pathol. 1989, 20: 40-46. 10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90200-1.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"382_CR13","first-page":"366","volume":"23","author":"H Albrecht","year":"1902","unstructured":"Albrecht H: [On Ochronosis]. Z Heilk. 1902, 23: 366-","journal-title":"Z Heilk"},{"key":"382_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01935634","volume":"37","author":"RL Virchow","year":"1866","unstructured":"Virchow RL: Ein Fall von allgemeiner Ochronose der Knorpel und knorpel\u00e4hnlichen Theile. Virchows Arch. 1866, 37: 212-219. 10.1007\/BF01935634.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"382_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04668.x","volume":"50","author":"A Khaled","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khaled A, Kerkeni N, Hawilo A, Fazaa B, Kamoun MR: Endogenous ochronosis: case report and a systematic review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2011, 50: 262-267. 10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04668.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"382_CR16","first-page":"164","volume":"60","author":"L Sallmann","year":"1926","unstructured":"Sallmann L: \u00dcber die Augenpigmentierung bei endogener Ochronose. Z Augenheilkd. 1926, 60: 164-171.","journal-title":"Z Augenheilkd"},{"key":"382_CR17","first-page":"3309","volume":"42","author":"RH Cambiaso","year":"1955","unstructured":"Cambiaso RH: Ocular ochronosis with alcaptonuria and osteoarthritis; personal observation. Prensa Med Argent. 1955, 42: 3309-3318.","journal-title":"Prensa Med Argent"},{"key":"382_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1942.02830510020005","volume":"120","author":"JW Smith","year":"1942","unstructured":"Smith JW: Ochronosis of the sclera and cornea complicating alkaptonuria. JAMA. 1942, 120: 1282-1288. 10.1001\/jama.1942.02830510020005.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"382_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.1995.11718475","volume":"50","author":"JF Van Offel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Van Offel JF, De Clerck LS, Francx LM, Stevens WJ: The clinical manifestations of ochronosis: a review. Acta Clin Belg. 1995, 50: 358-362.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"382_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2005.03.010","volume":"73","author":"A Ladjouze-Rezig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ladjouze-Rezig A, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Aquaron R: Ochronotic rheumatism in Algeria: clinical, radiological, biological and molecular studies\u2013a case study of 14 patients in 11 families. Joint Bone Spine. 2006, 73: 284-292. 10.1016\/j.jbspin.2005.03.010.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"382_CR21","first-page":"17","volume":"295","author":"A Ehongo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehongo A, Schrooyen M, Pereleux A: [Important bilateral corneal astigmatism in a case of ocular ochronosis]. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2005, 295: 17-21.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"382_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.724","volume":"118","author":"J Cheskes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheskes J, Buettner H: Ocular manifestations of alkaptonuric ochronosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000, 118: 724-725. 10.1001\/archopht.118.5.724.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00288.x","volume":"82","author":"S Bacchetti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bacchetti S, Zeppieri M, Brusini P: A case of ocular ochronosis and chronic open-angle glaucoma: merely coincidental?. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004, 82: 631-632. 10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00288.x.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"382_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.48438","volume":"55","author":"SS John","year":"2009","unstructured":"John SS, Padhan P, Mathews JV, David S: Acute anterior uveitis as the initial presentation of alkaptonuria. J Postgrad Med. 2009, 55: 35-37. 10.4103\/0022-3859.48438.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"382_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800321.x","volume":"80","author":"S Soker Cakmak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soker Cakmak S, Cevik R, Aksunger A, Unlu K, Ava S: Ocular ochronosis: a case report and clinical findings. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002, 80: 340-342. 10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800321.x.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"382_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1959.04220040037005","volume":"62","author":"JL Hatch","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hatch JL: Hereditary alkaptonuria with ochronosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1959, 62: 575-578. 10.1001\/archopht.1959.04220040037005.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR27","first-page":"432","volume":"125","author":"R Seitz","year":"1954","unstructured":"Seitz R: Ochronosic pigmentations of the eye. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild. 1954, 125: 432-440.","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild"},{"key":"382_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)91643-3","volume":"49","author":"B Rones","year":"1960","unstructured":"Rones B: Ochronosis oculi in alkaptonuria. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960, 49: 440-446.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR29","first-page":"295","volume":"9","author":"J Sturmer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sturmer J, Lang GK, Munzer M: [Ochronosis oculi]. Pathologe. 1988, 9: 295-301.","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"382_CR30","first-page":"912","volume":"63","author":"S Himmel","year":"1967","unstructured":"Himmel S, Adelstein N: Ocular Ochronosis with Alkaptonuria. Report of a case. Ohio State Med J. 1967, 63: 912-913.","journal-title":"Ohio State Med J"},{"key":"382_CR31","first-page":"273","volume":"33","author":"M Lindner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lindner M, Strempel I, Sekundo W, Bertelmann T: Symmetrisch angeordnete Hyperpigmentierungen der Sklera. Z prakt Augenheilkd. 2012, 33: 273-276.","journal-title":"Z prakt Augenheilkd"},{"key":"382_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.03680100039012","volume":"150","author":"CB Cope","year":"1952","unstructured":"Cope CB, Kassander P: Cortisone in ochronotic arthritis. J Am Med Assoc. 1952, 150: 997-999. 10.1001\/jama.1952.03680100039012.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"382_CR33","first-page":"68","volume":"72","author":"EJ Adams","year":"1975","unstructured":"Adams EJ, Ward JR: Alkaptonuria. A case report. Rocky Mt Med J. 1975, 72: 68-71.","journal-title":"Rocky Mt Med J"},{"key":"382_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(56)91675-0","volume":"41","author":"D Vail","year":"1956","unstructured":"Vail D: Ocular ochronosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1956, 41: 712-714.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000392669","volume":"6","author":"J Francois","year":"1972","unstructured":"Francois J: Ocular manifestations in aminoacidopathies. Monogr Hum Genet. 1972, 6: 99-113.","journal-title":"Monogr Hum Genet"},{"key":"382_CR36","first-page":"841","volume":"30","author":"J Casanovas","year":"1970","unstructured":"Casanovas J, Casanovas R: [Ocular manifestations in rheumatic diseases (new contributions)]. Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol. 1970, 30: 841-854.","journal-title":"Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol"},{"key":"382_CR37","first-page":"18","volume":"56","author":"BE Clayton","year":"1963","unstructured":"Clayton BE: Symposium on metabolic diseases of the eye, Biochemical remarks on amino acid metabolism. Proc R Soc Med. 1963, 56: 18-","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"382_CR38","first-page":"1335","volume":"91","author":"R Brancato","year":"1965","unstructured":"Brancato R: Ocular alterations in hereditary ochronosis. (Collective review). Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul. 1965, 91: 1335-1349.","journal-title":"Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul"},{"key":"382_CR39","first-page":"279","volume":"12","author":"JD Wirtschafter","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wirtschafter JD: The eye in alkaptonuria. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1976, 12: 279-293.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"382_CR40","first-page":"2718","volume":"107","author":"A Aldenbratt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aldenbratt A, Rosen K, Eggertsen R: [Clinical eye for blue-coloured ears lead to the correct diagnosis: alkaptonuria]. Lakartidningen. 2010, 107: 2718-2719.","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"382_CR41","first-page":"625","volume":"22","author":"O Ghenoiu","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ghenoiu O, Rovinescu I, Anastasescu G, Stoia I: [Ochronotic arthropathy. (Presentation of a clinical case)]. Med Interna (Bucur). 1970, 22: 625-634.","journal-title":"Med Interna (Bucur)"},{"key":"382_CR42","first-page":"761","volume":"30","author":"GM Greco","year":"1978","unstructured":"Greco GM, Magli A: [Eye manifestations of amino acid disorders]. Minerva Pediatr. 1978, 30: 761-780.","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"382_CR43","first-page":"104","volume":"14","author":"D Konstantinov","year":"1975","unstructured":"Konstantinov D, Solakov P: [Ochronosis with severe arthropathy and internal organ lesions]. Vutr Boles. 1975, 14: 104-107.","journal-title":"Vutr Boles"},{"key":"382_CR44","first-page":"439","volume":"41","author":"A Maciejasz","year":"1971","unstructured":"Maciejasz A: Results of a 6-year observation of a case of ocular ochronosis coexisting with melanuria. Klin Oczna. 1971, 41: 439-441.","journal-title":"Klin Oczna"},{"key":"382_CR45","first-page":"379","volume":"36","author":"A Maciejasz","year":"1966","unstructured":"Maciejasz A, Frendo J: [A case of ocular ochronosis with coexisting melanuria]. Klin Oczna. 1966, 36: 379-384.","journal-title":"Klin Oczna"},{"key":"382_CR46","first-page":"23","volume":"28","author":"V Svec","year":"1972","unstructured":"Svec V, Jorda V, Vykydal M, Pegrimova E: [Ochronosis of the eye]. Cesk Oftalmol. 1972, 28: 23-27.","journal-title":"Cesk Oftalmol"},{"key":"382_CR47","first-page":"34","volume":"18","author":"L Medkova","year":"1962","unstructured":"Medkova L, Malyszova M: [Eye symptoms in alkaptonuric ochronosis]. Cesk Oftalmol. 1962, 18: 34-36.","journal-title":"Cesk Oftalmol"},{"key":"382_CR48","first-page":"38","volume":"9","author":"JH Rodenhauser","year":"1958","unstructured":"Rodenhauser JH: Eye involvement in alkaptonuria. Dtsch Med J. 1958, 9: 38-39.","journal-title":"Dtsch Med J"},{"key":"382_CR49","first-page":"1162","volume":"268","author":"[Annotations]","year":"1955","unstructured":"[Annotations]: OCULAR ochronosis. Lancet. 1955, 268: 1162-1163.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"382_CR50","first-page":"241","volume":"17","author":"J Babel","year":"1969","unstructured":"Babel J, Houber JP: [Keratoconus and blue sclera in a congenital anomaly of connective tissue]. J Genet Hum. 1969, 17: 241-246.","journal-title":"J Genet Hum"},{"key":"382_CR51","first-page":"251","volume":"18","author":"I Tanase-Mogos","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tanase-Mogos I, Ciortoloman H, Petrescu L, Ankar V, Patea P, Popescu M, Grigorescu G: [Comparative biochemical studies of certain urinary metabolites in patients with the nephrotic syndrome, eye diseases, alkaptonuria, obstructive myocardiopathy, and cancer and in newborn infants]. Physiologie. 1981, 18: 251-260.","journal-title":"Physiologie"},{"key":"382_CR52","first-page":"552","volume":"45","author":"OK Skinsnes","year":"1948","unstructured":"Skinsnes OK: Generalized ochronosis; report of an instance in which it was misdiagnosed as melanosarcoma, with resultant enucleation of an eye. Arch Pathol (Chic). 1948, 45: 552-558.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol (Chic)"},{"key":"382_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.81839","volume":"27","author":"R Pandey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pandey R, Kumar A, Garg R, Khanna P, Darlong V: Perioperative management of patient with alkaptonuria and associated multiple comorbidities. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2011, 27: 259-261. 10.4103\/0970-9185.81839.","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"382_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-010-3301-y","volume":"35","author":"A Wilke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilke A, Dapunt O, Steverding D: Image of the month. Bluish-black pigmentation of the sclera and the aortic valve in a patient with alkaptonuric ochronosis. Herz. 2010, 35: 41-10.1007\/s00059-010-3301-y.","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"382_CR55","first-page":"583","volume":"19","author":"FJ Cobos Soler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cobos Soler FJ, Molero Cabrilla R: [Ochronosis: a case report with multisystemic affectation, including pericardium]. An Med Interna. 2002, 19: 583-585.","journal-title":"An Med Interna"},{"key":"382_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000018186","volume":"199","author":"M Carlesimo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carlesimo M, Bonaccorsi P, Tamburrano G, Carboni I, Parisi A, Calvier S: Alkaptonuria. Dermatology. 1999, 199: 70-71. 10.1159\/000018186.","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"382_CR57","first-page":"220","volume":"34","author":"B Guhl","year":"1981","unstructured":"Guhl B, Modder B, Guhl C: [The clinical and radiological pictures of alcaptonuria and ochronosis (author\u2019s transl)]. Rontgenblatter. 1981, 34: 220-222.","journal-title":"Rontgenblatter"},{"key":"382_CR58","first-page":"341","volume":"33","author":"J Babel","year":"1973","unstructured":"Babel J: Rheumatism and the eye. Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol. 1973, 33: 341-354.","journal-title":"Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol"},{"key":"382_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1971.tb92502.x","volume":"2","author":"J Searle","year":"1971","unstructured":"Searle J, Kerr JF: Ochronotic arthropathy. Description of a case with observations on the mode of formation of an osteophyte. Med J Aust. 1971, 2: 713-715.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"382_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/10408449991349221","volume":"29","author":"AP DeCaprio","year":"1999","unstructured":"DeCaprio AP: The toxicology of hydroquinone\u2013relevance to occupational and environmental exposure. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1999, 29: 283-330. 10.1080\/10408449991349221.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"382_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e737","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120426-30","volume":"35","author":"DN Reed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reed DN, Gregg FO, Corpe RS: Minocycline-induced black bone disease encountered during total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2012, 35: e737-e739. 10.3928\/01477447-20120426-30.","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"382_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543993","volume":"344","author":"U Fuchs","year":"1967","unstructured":"Fuchs U: Electron microscopic study of homogentisic acid-melanin in ochronosis. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med. 1967, 344: 243-248.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med"},{"key":"382_CR63","first-page":"109","volume":"30","author":"VA Rao","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rao VA: Anterior megalophthalmos associated with lamellar cataract on alkaptonuria. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982, 30: 109-110.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2006.06.001","volume":"28","author":"L Essalmi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Essalmi L, Roncato M, Mermet I, Magy-Bertrand N, Meaux-Ruault N, Gil H, Dupond JL: [Bluish-brown sclera and ears]. Rev Med Interne. 2007, 28: 42-43.","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"382_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00424.x","volume":"184","author":"A Sharma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma A, Sharma SK, Wanchu A, Kumar M, Singh S, Bambery P: Lower-back pain, intervertebral-disc calcification and scleral pigmentation. Med J Aust. 2006, 184: 643-","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"382_CR66","first-page":"193","volume":"61","author":"J De Boer","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Boer J, van Dam GW, Franken AA: A woman with bluish-coloured ears. Neth J Med. 2003, 61: 193-212","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"382_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1047327","volume":"18","author":"G Mariotti","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mariotti G, Schlumpf U, Hofer B, Pedrinis E: Early arthroses, marked ochronotic spondylopathy and chondrocalcinosis of the spine - differential diagnostic considerations on a rare disease. Aktuelle Rheumatol. 1993, 18: 136-141. 10.1055\/s-2008-1047327.","journal-title":"Aktuelle Rheumatol"},{"key":"382_CR68","first-page":"348","volume":"34","author":"K Guggenberger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Guggenberger K, Seidl O, Schmoeckel C: [Alkaptonuria (ochronosis)]. Hautarzt. 1983, 34: 348-350.","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"382_CR69","first-page":"594","volume":"104","author":"I Rozsa","year":"1968","unstructured":"Rozsa I, Ritter L: [Surgical case of an uncommon knee joint disease]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1968, 104: 594-597.","journal-title":"Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb"},{"key":"382_CR70","first-page":"299","volume":"38","author":"C D\u2019Alessandro","year":"1963","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro C, Malbran E: [Ocular Ochronosis]. Arch Oftalmol B Aires. 1963, 38: 299-305.","journal-title":"Arch Oftalmol B Aires"},{"key":"382_CR71","first-page":"854","volume":"62","author":"DM Carlson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carlson DM, Helgeson MK, Hiett JA: Ocular ochronosis from alkaptonuria. J Am Optom Assoc. 1991, 62: 854-856.","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"382_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.680","volume":"83","author":"U Felbor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Felbor U, Mutsch Y, Grehn F, Muller CR, Kress W: Ocular ochronosis in alkaptonuria patients carrying mutations in the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase gene. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999, 83: 680-683. 10.1136\/bjo.83.6.680.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040293017","volume":"98","author":"A Kampik","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kampik A, Sani JN, Green WR: Ocular ochronosis. Clinicopathological, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980, 98: 1441-1447. 10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040293017.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.48.8.405","volume":"48","author":"N Ashton","year":"1964","unstructured":"Ashton N, Kirker JG, Lavery FS: Ocular findings in a case of hereditary ochronosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1964, 48: 405-415. 10.1136\/bjo.48.8.405.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1961.01840020659010","volume":"65","author":"RA Allen","year":"1961","unstructured":"Allen RA, O\u2019Malley C, Straatsma BR: Ocular findings in hereditary ochronosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961, 65: 657-668. 10.1001\/archopht.1961.01840020659010.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR76","first-page":"202","volume":"131","author":"JH Rodenhauser","year":"1957","unstructured":"Rodenhauser JH: Eye pigmentations in alkaptonuria (ochronosis oculi). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild. 1957, 131: 202-215.","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild"},{"key":"382_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(63)93566-9","volume":"55","author":"EE Garrett","year":"1963","unstructured":"Garrett EE: Ocular ochronosis with alkaptonuria. Am J Ophthalmol. 1963, 55: 617-620.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR78","first-page":"380","volume":"71","author":"P Laugier","year":"1964","unstructured":"Laugier P, Guidet M, Bulte C, Royer J: [A case of ochronosis]. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr. 1964, 71: 380-381.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr"},{"key":"382_CR79","first-page":"500","volume":"65","author":"JR Royer","year":"1965","unstructured":"Royer JR: [The ocular manifestations of ochronosis]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1965, 65: 500-502.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr"},{"key":"382_CR80","first-page":"537","volume":"24","author":"H Teller","year":"1973","unstructured":"Teller H, Winkler K: [Clinical and histopathological aspects of endogenous ochronosis]. Hautarzt. 1973, 24: 537-543.","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"382_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000307140","volume":"169","author":"B Daicker","year":"1974","unstructured":"Daicker B, Riede UN: [Histological and ultrastructural findings in alkaptonuric ocular ochronosis]. Ophthalmologica. 1974, 169: 377-388. 10.1159\/000307140.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"382_CR82","first-page":"624","volume":"31","author":"N Ben Rayana","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ben Rayana N, Chahed N, Khochtali S, Ghorbel M, Hamdi R, Rouis M, Bouajina I, Hamida FB: [Ocular ochronosis. A case report]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2008, 31: 624-","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"382_CR83","first-page":"305","volume":"32","author":"ZS Gucev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gucev ZS, Slaveska N, Laban N, Danilovski D, Tasic V, Pop-Jordanova N, Zatkova A: Early-onset ocular ochronosis in a girl with alkaptonuria (AKU) and a novel mutation in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD). Prilozi. 2011, 32: 305-311.","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"382_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1111515","volume":"367","author":"A Ryan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ryan A, O\u2019Toole L: Images in clinical medicine. Ochronosis. N Engl J Med. 2012, 367: e26-10.1056\/NEJMicm1111515.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"382_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-011-2428-4","volume":"108","author":"D Schmidt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmidt D: [A 69-year-old patient with brown-black pigmentation of the sclera]. Ophthalmologe. 2011, 108: 1171-1174. 10.1007\/s00347-011-2428-4.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"382_CR86","first-page":"165","volume":"42","author":"R Sampaolesi","year":"1967","unstructured":"Sampaolesi R, Reca RM, Kaufer G: [Alkaptonuria and endogenous ochronosis with dislocation of crystalline lens and secondary glaucoma]. Arch Oftalmol B Aires. 1967, 42: 165-169.","journal-title":"Arch Oftalmol B Aires"},{"key":"382_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12019-007-8010-y","volume":"33","author":"V Sharma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharma V, Chong YY, Kosmin A: Alkaptonuria presenting with conjunctival lesion. Compr Ther. 2007, 33: 71-72. 10.1007\/s12019-007-8010-y.","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"key":"382_CR88","first-page":"626","volume":"101","author":"U Hackethal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hackethal U, Busse H, Seitz HM, Gerding H: [Vermiform conjunctival structures]. Ophthalmologe. 2004, 101: 626-628.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"382_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.7.1060","volume":"122","author":"P Chevez Barrios","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chevez Barrios P, Font RL: Pigmented conjunctival lesions as initial manifestation of ochronosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004, 122: 1060-1063. 10.1001\/archopht.122.7.1060.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR90","first-page":"219","volume":"3","author":"Lievre","year":"1958","unstructured":"Lievre , Desvignes , Boussette : [Ophthalmological findings in alkaptonuria]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1958, 3: 219-221.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr"},{"key":"382_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-42-5-1052","volume":"42","author":"WJ Martin","year":"1955","unstructured":"Martin WJ, Underdahl LO, Mathieson DR, Pugh DG: Alkaptonuria: report of 12 cases. Ann Intern Med. 1955, 42: 1052-1064.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"382_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00002","volume":"2","author":"CY Levin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levin CY, Maibach H: Exogenous ochronosis: an update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2001, 2: 213-217. 10.2165\/00128071-200102040-00002.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"382_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.03850010191007","volume":"76","author":"G Naumann","year":"1966","unstructured":"Naumann G: Corneal damage in hydroquinone workers. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966, 76: 189-194. 10.1001\/archopht.1966.03850010191007.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"382_CR94","first-page":"371","volume":"158","author":"G Naumann","year":"1969","unstructured":"Naumann G, Rossmann H: [Corneal lesions in hydroquinone workers]. Ophthalmologica. 1969, 158 (Suppl): 371-375.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"382_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010066010","volume":"101","author":"TR Hedges 3rd","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hedges TR, Kenyon KR, Hanninen LA, Mosher DB: Corneal and conjunctival effects of monobenzone in patients with vitiligo. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983, 101: 64-68. 10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010066010.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"382_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64307-8","volume":"236","author":"JE Seegmiller","year":"1961","unstructured":"Seegmiller JE, Zannoni VG, Laster L, La Du BN: An enzymatic spectrophotometric method for the determination of homogentisic acid in plasma and urine. J Biol Chem. 1961, 236: 774-777.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"382_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1086\/302027","volume":"63","author":"Y Anikster","year":"1998","unstructured":"Anikster Y, Nyhan WL, Gahl WA: NTBC and alkaptonuria. Am J Hum Genet. 1998, 63: 920-921. 10.1086\/302027.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"382_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01958966","volume":"151","author":"P Kamoun","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kamoun P, Coude M, Forest M, Montagutelli X, Guenet JL: Ascorbic acid and alkaptonuria. Eur J Pediatr. 1992, 151: 149-10.1007\/BF01958966.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"382_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/228770a0","volume":"228","author":"TJ Lustberg","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lustberg TJ, Schulman JD, Seegmiller JE: Decreased binding of 14C-homogentisic acid induced by ascorbic acid in connective tissue of rats with experimental alcaptonuria. Nature. 1970, 228: 770-771. 10.1038\/228770a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"382_CR100","first-page":"1288","volume":"124","author":"S Srsen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Srsen S, Vondracek J, Srsnova K, Svac J: [Analysis of the life span of alkaptonuric patients]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1985, 124: 1288-1291.","journal-title":"Cas Lek Cesk"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T18:49:12Z","timestamp":1648147752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-14-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"article-number":"12"}}