{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T18:44:15Z","timestamp":1784054655173,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,22]],"date-time":"2006-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1150934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) is the most common identifiable cause of secondary glaucoma, the prevalence of which varies considerably among different ethnicities. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A prospective study conducted in the period from January 2003 to June 2004 in a teaching hospital serving a population of about 7.6 million. 1860 patients aged 45 or above attending the general ophthalmic clinics were recruited for this study. A detailed evaluation including ophthalmic and general history, slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy and dilated eye examination was performed on all patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>120(6.45%) subjects were found to have PXS with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. All 120 (100%) cases were bilateral and 48(40%) patients had high intraocular pressure.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in a Pakistani population to determine the prevalence of PXS. The prevalence rate of 6.45% is similar to other studies conducted in south Asia, however all cases were bilateral and quite a high percentage of patients had high intra-ocular pressure.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,22]],"date-time":"2006-06-22T18:33:05Z","timestamp":1151001185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in Pakistan. Hospital based study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rashad Qamar","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq Mehmood","family":"Arain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Ahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"89_CR1","volume-title":"[Clinical studies of depigmentation of the pupillary margin and transillumination of the iris in cases of senile cataract and also in normal eyes in the aged] [Thesis]","author":"JG Lindberg","year":"1917","unstructured":"Lindberg JG: Kliniska undersokningar over depigmenteringen av pupillarranden och genomlysbarheten av iris vid fall av aldersstarr samt i normala ogon hos gamla personer. [Clinical studies of depigmentation of the pupillary margin and transillumination of the iris in cases of senile cataract and also in normal eyes in the aged] [Thesis]. 1917, Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University"},{"key":"89_CR2","first-page":"845","volume":"92","author":"R Ritch","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ritch R: Exfoliation syndrome: The most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994, 92: 845-944.","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"89_CR3","first-page":"284","volume":"99","author":"DH Dickson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dickson DH, Ramsey MS: Symposium on pseudocapsular exfoliation and glaucoma. Fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis: review of the nature and origin of pseudoexfoliative deposits. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1979, 99 (2): 284-92.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"issue":"4","key":"89_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1050807","volume":"189","author":"PR Haydon","year":"1986","unstructured":"Haydon PR: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome as a cause of chronic glaucoma. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1986, 189 (4): 293-301.","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"5","key":"89_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70908-0","volume":"124","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Smith W: Association of pseudoexfoliation syndrome with increased vascular risk. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997, 124 (5): 685-7.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"89_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080240092038","volume":"110","author":"UM Schlotzer-Schrehardt","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schlotzer-Schrehardt UM, Koca MR, Naumann GO, Volkholz H: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ocular manifestation of a systemic disorder?. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992, 110 (12): 1752-6.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"89_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1971.tb00958.x","volume":"49","author":"H Aasved","year":"1971","unstructured":"Aasved H: Mass screening for fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis, so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation of the anterior lens capsule. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1971, 49 (2): 334-43.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"89_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040058007","volume":"100","author":"R Hiller","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hiller R, Sperduto RD, Krueger DE: Pseudoexfoliation, intraocular pressure, and senile lens changes in a population based survey. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982, 100: 1080-2.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR9","first-page":"296","volume":"99","author":"H Forsius","year":"1979","unstructured":"Forsius H: Prevalence of pseudoexfoliation of the lens in Finns, Lapps, Icelanders, Eskimos and Russians. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1979, 99: 296-298.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"89_CR10","first-page":"293","volume":"99","author":"H Aasved","year":"1979","unstructured":"Aasved H: Prevalence of fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis [pseudoexfoliation] and capsular glaucoma. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1979, 99: 293-295.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"issue":"4","key":"89_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1062","volume":"46","author":"R Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas R, Nirmalan PK, Krishnaiah S: Pseudoexfoliation in southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005, 46 (4): 1170-6. 10.1167\/iovs.04-1062.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"89_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.11.1321","volume":"87","author":"H Arvind","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arvind H, Raju P, Paul PG, Baskaran M, Ramesh SV, George RJ, McCarty C, Vijaya L: Pseudoexfoliation in South India. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003, 87 (11): 1321-3. 10.1136\/bjo.87.11.1321.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)91616-3","volume":"72","author":"HW Faulkener","year":"1971","unstructured":"Faulkener HW: Pseudoexfoliation of the lens among Navajo Indians. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971, 72: 206-7.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR14","first-page":"169","volume":"32","author":"PA Lamba","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lamba PA, Giridhar A: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome [prevalence based on Random Survey Hospital data]. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1984, 32: 169-173.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"89_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02271-7","volume":"13","author":"R Krishnadas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krishnadas R, Nirmalan PK, Ramakrishnan Thulasiraj RD, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Friedman DS, Robin AL: Pseudoexfoliation in a rural population of southern India: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003, 13 (6): 830-7. 10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02271-7.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"89_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770521.x","volume":"77","author":"K Nouri-Mahdavi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nouri-Mahdavi K, Nosrat N, Sahebghalam R, Jahanmard M: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome in central Iran: a population-based survey. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999, 77 (5): 581-4. 10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770521.x.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"89_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060130361021","volume":"106","author":"LF Cashwell Jr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cashwell LF, Shields MB: Exfoliation syndrome: prevalence in a southeastern United States population. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988, 106: 335-36.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00466-3","volume":"129","author":"CA McCarthy","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCarthy CA, Taylor HR: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome in Australian adults. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000, 129: 629-33. 10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00466-3.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.10.1319","volume":"117","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Hourihan F: The relationship between glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999, 117: 1319-1324.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34804-6","volume":"89","author":"DM Kozart","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kozart DM, Yanoff M: Intraocular pressure status in 100 consecutive patients with exfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1982, 89: 214-218.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"89_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00640.x","volume":"75","author":"VP Kozobolis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kozobolis VP, Papatzanaki M, Vlachonikolis IG, Pallikaris IG, Tsambarlakis IG: Epidemiology of pseudoexfoliation in the island of Crete [Greece]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997, 75: 726-729.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"89_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1991.tb04814.x","volume":"69","author":"A Ringvold","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ringvold A, Blika S, Elsas T, Guldahl J, Brevik T, Hesstvedt P, Hoff K, Hoisen H, Kjorsvik S, Rossvold I: The middle-Norway eye-screening study. II. Prevalence of simple and capsular glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol [Copenh]. 1991, 69: 273-280.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol [Copenh]"},{"key":"89_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060080078032","volume":"105","author":"AM Prince","year":"1987","unstructured":"Prince AM, Streeten BW, Ritch R, Dark AJ, Sperling M: Preclinical diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987, 105: 1076-1082.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"89_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040531012","volume":"94","author":"JS Speakman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Speakman JS, Ghosh M: The conjunctiva in senile lens exfoliation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976, 94: 1757-1759.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:55:45Z","timestamp":1630446945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["89"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-6-27","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"27"}}