{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:06:23Z","timestamp":1781838383424,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]],"date-time":"2009-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1247702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]],"date-time":"2009-07-16T14:21:45Z","timestamp":1247754105000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Effectiveness of screening preschool children for amblyopia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Schmucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Grosselfinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Riemsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Antes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf","family":"Lagr\u00e8ze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos","family":"Kleijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"148_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.1.64","volume":"66","author":"AA Assaf","year":"1982","unstructured":"Assaf AA: The sensitive period: transfer of fixation after occlusion for strabismic amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982, 66: 64-70. 10.1136\/bjo.66.1.64.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR2","volume-title":"Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility","author":"GK Von Noorden","year":"1990","unstructured":"Von Noorden GK: Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. 1990, St Louis: Mosby, 4","edition":"4"},{"key":"148_CR3","first-page":"373","volume":"97","author":"JT Flynn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Woodruff G, Thompson JR, Hiscox F, Feuer W, Schiffman F, Corona A, Smith LK: The therapy of amblyopia: an analysis comparing the results of amblyopia therapy utilizing two pooled data sets. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1999, 97: 373-390.","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"148_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)81990-X","volume":"41","author":"K Simons","year":"1996","unstructured":"Simons K: Preschool vision screening: rationale, methodology and outcome. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996, 41: 3-30. 10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)81990-X.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR5","volume-title":"Amblyopia is a medical condition","author":"American Academy of Ophthalmologists","year":"2006","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmologists: Amblyopia is a medical condition. 2006, AAO, Accessed January 08, 2009, [ http:\/\/one.aao.org\/CE\/PracticeGuidelines\/ClinicalStatements_Content.aspx?cid=04a0b811-d234-4d38-a506-7831d0eb9736 ]"},{"key":"148_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatt S, Antonio-Santos A, Powell C, et al: Interventions for stimulus deprivation amblyopia. The Cochrane Library. 2006, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005136.pub2"},{"key":"148_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.7.909","volume":"87","author":"JC Barry","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barry JC, Konig HH: Test characteristics of orthoptic screening examination in 3 year old kindergarten children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003, 87: 909-916. 10.1136\/bjo.87.7.909.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR8","volume-title":"Amblyopia: basic and clinical aspects","author":"KJ Ciuffreda","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ciuffreda KJ, Levi DM, Selenow A: Amblyopia: basic and clinical aspects. 1991, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"key":"148_CR9","first-page":"34","volume":"162","author":"W De Decker","year":"1973","unstructured":"De Decker W, Tessmer J: Zur Schielh\u00e4ufigkeit und Behandlungseffizienz in Schleswig-Holstein. Klin Monatsbl\u00e4tter Augenheilkunde. 1973, 162: 34-42.","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl\u00e4tter Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"148_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91813-9","volume":"105","author":"MW Preslan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Preslan MW, Novak A: Baltimore vision screening project (Phase 2). Ophthalmology. 1998, 105: 150-153. 10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91813-9.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"148_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.3.268","volume":"120","author":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group: A randomized trial of atropine versus. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002, 120: 268-278.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR12","volume-title":"Report on the National Eye Institute's Visual Acuity Impairment Survey Pilot Study","author":"National Eye Institute Office of Biometry and Epidemiology","year":"1984","unstructured":"National Eye Institute Office of Biometry and Epidemiology: Report on the National Eye Institute's Visual Acuity Impairment Survey Pilot Study. 1984, Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"148_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.113670","volume":"91","author":"R Van Leeuwen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Leeuwen R, Eijkemans MJC, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, de Jong PT, Simonsz HJ: Risk of bilateral visual impairment in individuals with amblyopia: the Rotterdam study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007, 91: 1450-1451. 10.1136\/bjo.2006.113670.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9333","key":"148_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09782-9","volume":"360","author":"J Rahi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rahi J, Logan S, Timms C, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor D: Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non-amblyopic eye: a population-based study. Lancet. 2002, 360 (9333): 597-602. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09782-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"148_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70089-3","volume":"3","author":"EA Packwood","year":"1999","unstructured":"Packwood EA, Cruz OA, Rychwalski PJ, Keech RV: The psychosocial effects of amblyopia study. Journal of AAPOS. 1999, 3: 15-17. 10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70089-3.","journal-title":"Journal of AAPOS"},{"key":"148_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.041863","volume":"88","author":"B Chua","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chua B, Mitchell P: Consequences of amblyopia on education, occupation, and long term vision loss. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004, 88: 1119-21. 10.1136\/bjo.2004.041863.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/299583a0","volume":"299","author":"TN Wiesel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wiesel TN: Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment. Nature. 1982, 299: 583-591. 10.1038\/299583a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"148_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0089","volume":"48","author":"Y Morad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morad Y, Bakshi E, Levin A, Binyamini OG, Zadok D, Avni I, Dayan YB: Screening and treating amblyopia: are we making a difference?. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007, 48: 2084-2088. 10.1167\/iovs.06-0089.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"148_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007113","volume":"99","author":"A Neugebauer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neugebauer A, Reier M, Fricke J, R\u00fcssmann W: Kindliche Sehst\u00f6rungen-Screeningprogramme im internationalen Vergleich. Ophthalmologe. 2002, 99: 32-37. 10.1007\/PL00007113.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"148_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.790306.x","volume":"79","author":"G Kvarnstr\u00f6m","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kvarnstr\u00f6m G, Jakobsson P, Lennerstrand G: Visual screening of Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001, 79: 240-244. 10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.790306.x.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"148_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.3.192","volume":"73","author":"MC Wright","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wright MC, Colville DJ, Oberklaid F: Is community screening for amblyopia possible, or appropriate?. Arch Dis Child. 1995, 73: 192-195. 10.1136\/adc.73.3.192.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"148_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta1080","volume":"1","author":"SC Snowdon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snowdon SC, Stewart-Brown SL: Preschool vision screening. Health Technol Assess. 1997, 1: 1-83.","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"148_CR23","volume-title":"Screening for visual impairment in children younger than age 5 years","author":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD","year":"2004","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD: Screening for visual impairment in children younger than age 5 years. 2004, AHRQ, Accessed January 07, 2009, [ http:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/clinic\/uspstf\/uspsvsch.htm ]"},{"key":"148_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7118.1247","volume":"315","author":"JS Rahi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rahi JS, Dezateux C: The future of preschool vision screening services in Britain. Br Med J. 1997, 315: 1247-1248.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"148_CR25","volume-title":"Criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme","author":"UK National Screening Committee","year":"2003","unstructured":"UK National Screening Committee: Criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme. 2003, NSC, Accessed July 26, 2009, [ http:\/\/www.screening.nhs.uk\/criteria ]"},{"key":"148_CR26","volume-title":"Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness. CRD's guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews (Report 4)","author":"Center for Reviews and Dissemination","year":"2001","unstructured":"Center for Reviews and Dissemination: Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness. CRD's guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews (Report 4). 2001, York: University of York"},{"key":"148_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2000.105274","volume":"4","author":"M Eibschitz-Tsimhoni","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M, Friedman T, Naor J, Eibschitz N, Fiedman Z: Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia. Journal of AAPOS. 2000, 4: 194-199. 10.1067\/mpa.2000.105274.","journal-title":"Journal of AAPOS"},{"key":"148_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.8.988","volume":"87","author":"C Williams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I, ALSPAC Study Team: Amblyopia treatment outcomes after preschool screening v school entry screening: observational data from a prospective cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003, 87: 988-993. 10.1136\/bjo.87.8.988.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0597","volume":"46","author":"J Horwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Horwood J, Waylen A, Herrick D, Williams C, Wolke D: Common visual defects and peer victimization in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005, 46: 1177-1181. 10.1167\/iovs.04-0597.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"148_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.091082","volume":"90","author":"C Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams C, Horwood J, Northstone K, Herrick D, Waylen A, Wolke D, et al: The timing of patching treatment and a child's wellbeing. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006, 90: 670-671. 10.1136\/bjo.2006.091082.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7353.1549","volume":"324","author":"C Williams","year":"2002","unstructured":"Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I, ALSPAC Study Team: Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial. Br Med J. 2002, 324: 1549-1551. 10.1136\/bmj.324.7353.1549.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"148_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2001.11644257","volume":"8","author":"C Williams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Williams C, Harrad RA, Harvey I, Sparrow JM, ALSPAC Study Team: Screening for amblyopia in preschool children: results of a population-based, randomised controlled trial. ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001, 8: 279-295.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"148_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.166","volume":"10","author":"L Bray","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bray L, Clarke MP, Jarvis SN, Francis M, Colver A: Preschool Vision Screening: A prospective comparative evaluation. Eye. 1996, 10: 714-718.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"148_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb18256.x","volume":"89","author":"F Rasmussen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rasmussen F, Thoren K, Caines E, Andersson J, Tynelius P: Suitability of the lang II random dot stereotest for detecting manifest strabismus in 3-year-old children at child health centres in Sweden. Acta Paediatr. 2000, 89: 824-829. 10.1080\/080352500750043738.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"148_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.11.1332","volume":"85","author":"R Juttmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Juttmann R: The Rotterdam amblyopia screening effectiveness study (RAMSES): compliance and predictive value in the first 2 years. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001, 85: 1332-1335. 10.1136\/bjo.85.11.1332.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.12.1068","volume":"79","author":"T Williamson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Williamson T, Andrews R, Dutton G, Murray G, Graham N: Assessment of an inner city visual screening programme for preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995, 79: 1068-1073. 10.1136\/bjo.79.12.1068.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1076\/0928-6586(200003)711-2FT067","volume":"7","author":"DK Newman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newman DK, East MM: Prevalence of amblyopia among defaulters of preschool vision screening. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2000, 7: 67-71. 10.1076\/0928-6586(200003)7:1;1-2;FT067.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"148_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00320.x","volume":"73","author":"AL H\u00e5rd","year":"1995","unstructured":"H\u00e5rd AL, Williams P, Sj\u00f6strand J: Do we have optimal screening limits in Sweden for vision testing at the age of 4 years?. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995, 73: 483-485. 10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00320.x.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"148_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(95)80044-1","volume":"40","author":"E Campos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Campos E: Amblyopia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1995, 40: 23-39. 10.1016\/S0039-6257(95)80044-1.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.12.005","volume":"50","author":"K Simons","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simons K: Amblyopia Characterization, Treatment, and Prophylaxis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005, 50: 123-165. 10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.12.005.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"148_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell C, Porooshani H, Bohorquez MC, Hatt S: Screening for amblyopia in childhood. The Cochrane Library. 2005, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005020.pub2"},{"key":"148_CR42","volume-title":"Early vision screening in children to prevent amblyopia","author":"Agence nationale d'accr\u00e9didation et d'\u00e9valuation en sant\u00e9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Agence nationale d'accr\u00e9didation et d'\u00e9valuation en sant\u00e9: Early vision screening in children to prevent amblyopia. 2002, ANAES, Accessed January 07, 2009, [ http:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/portail\/upload\/docs\/application\/pdf\/VV_Mai03-Amblyopie_ENG.pdf ]"},{"key":"148_CR43","volume-title":"Preschool vision screening (Technology Report No 73)","author":"L Dunfield","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunfield L, Keating T: Preschool vision screening (Technology Report No 73). 2007, Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T10:27:29Z","timestamp":1558434449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2415-9-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]]},"article-number":"3"}}