{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1783692642419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]],"date-time":"2013-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]],"date-time":"2013-05-11T08:14:27Z","timestamp":1368260067000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Renal abnormalities among HIV-infected, antiretroviral naive children, Harare, Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vongai","family":"Dondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda A","family":"Mujuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kusum J","family":"Nathoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Chirehwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zivanai","family":"Mufandaedza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"805_CR1","volume-title":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2007","unstructured":"UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. 2007, Geneva: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic update"},{"key":"805_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2008.09.001","volume":"28","author":"MI McCulloch","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCulloch MI, Ray PE: Kidney disease in HIV positive children. Semin Nephrol. 2008, 28: 585-594. 10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2008.09.001.","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"805_CR3","first-page":"396","volume":"18","author":"PE Ray","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ray PE, Rakusan TM, Loechelt BJ, Selby DM, Liu X-H, Chandra RS: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy in the children from the Washington D.C. area; 12 Years\u2019 experience. Semin Nephrol. 1998, 18: 396-05.","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"805_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1086\/430257","volume":"40","author":"SK Gupta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winstone JA, Boydstun II, Ahuja TS, Rodriguez RA, Tashima KT, Rolland M, Franceschini N, Palella FJ, Lennox JL, Klotman PE, Nachman HA, Hall SD, Szczech LA: Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV medicine association of the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 40: 1559-1585. 10.1086\/430257.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"805_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1155-4","volume":"24","author":"PE Ray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ray PE: Taking a hard look at the pathogenesis of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy. Paediatr Nephrol. 2009, 24: 2109-2119. 10.1007\/s00467-009-1155-4.","journal-title":"Paediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"805_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-3-200308050-00019","volume":"139","author":"PL Kimmel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kimmel PL, Barrison L, Kopp JB: Pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-associated renal diseases: lessons from clinical and animal studies, molecular pathologic correlations and genetic investigations. Ann Int Med. 2003, 139: 214-26. 10.7326\/0003-4819-139-3-200308050-00019.","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"805_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-012-0366-0","volume":"8","author":"I Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah I, Gupta S, Shah DM, Dhabe H, Lala M: Renal manifestations of HIV-infected highly active antiretroviral therapy na\u00efve children in India. World J Paediatr. 2012, 8 (3): 252-5. 10.1007\/s12519-012-0366-0.","journal-title":"World J Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"805_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.106364","volume":"24","author":"NJ Iduoriyekemwen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iduoriyekemwen NJ, Sadoh WE, Sadoh AE: Prevalence of renal disease in Nigerian children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2013, 24 (1): 172-7.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"3","key":"805_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2011.09.004","volume":"8","author":"PM Ekulu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ekulu PM, Nseka NM, Aloni MN, Gini JL, Makulo JR, Lepira FB, Sumali EK, Mafuta EM, Nsibu CN, Shiku JD: Prevalence of proteinuria and its association with HIV\/AIDS in Congolese children living in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Nephrol Ther. 2012, 8 (3): 163-7. 10.1016\/j.nephro.2011.09.004.","journal-title":"Nephrol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"805_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmp090","volume":"56","author":"CI Esezobor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Esezobor CI, Iroha E, Onifade E, Akinsuli AO, Temiye EO, Ezeaka C: Prevalence of proteinuria among HIV-infected children attending a tertiary hospital in Lagos. Nigeria J Trop Paediatr. 2010, 56 (3): 187-90. 10.1093\/tropej\/fmp090.","journal-title":"Nigeria J Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"805_CR11","first-page":"301","volume":"20","author":"FU Eke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eke FU, Anochie IC, Okpere IN, Eneh AU, Ugwu RO, Ejilemele AA, Uqboma HU: Microalbuminuria in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2011, 20 (2): 301-","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"805_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3","volume":"4:5","author":"JB Kopp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kopp JB: Renal dysfunction in HIV-1 infected patients. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2002, 4:5: 449-60.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"805_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544798.037","volume-title":"Textbook of Paediatric HIV Care","author":"S Tanawattanacharoen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanawattanacharoen S, Kopp JB: Renal Disease. Textbook of Paediatric HIV Care. Edited by: Zeichner LS, Read JS. 2005, USA: Cambridge University Press, 521-535."},{"key":"805_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1179\/027249303225007653","volume":"23","author":"K Asharam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Asharam K, Bhimma R, Adhikari M: Human immunodeficiency virus and urinary tract infections in children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2000, 23: 273-277.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"805_CR15","first-page":"244","volume":"3","author":"S O\u2019Regan","year":"1990","unstructured":"O\u2019Regan S, Russo P, Lapointe N, Rousseau E: AIDS and the urinary tract. J AIDS. 1990, 3: 244-","journal-title":"J AIDS"},{"key":"805_CR16","first-page":"55","volume":"5","author":"MO Ibadin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ibadin MO, Onunu A, Ukoh G: Urinary tract infection in adolescent \/young adult Nigerians with acquired human immunodeficiency disease in Benin City. J Med Biomed Res. 2006, 5: 55-60.","journal-title":"J Med Biomed Res"},{"key":"805_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.11.007","volume":"152","author":"AI Chaparro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chaparro AI, Mitchell CD, Abitbol CL, Wilkinson JD, Baldarrago G, Lopez E, Zilleruelo G: Proteinuria in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Paediatr. 2008, 152: 844-849. 10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.11.007.","journal-title":"J Paediatr"},{"key":"805_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909073211001","volume":"321","author":"J Strauss","year":"1989","unstructured":"Strauss J, Abitbol C, Zilleruelo G, Scott G, Paredes A, Malaga S, Montane B, Mitchell C, Parks W, Pardo V: Renal disease in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989, 321: 625-630. 10.1056\/NEJM198909073211001.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"805_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v9i2.653","volume":"9","author":"F June","year":"2008","unstructured":"June F, Saraladevi N: HIV infection and the kidney. The S Afr J HIV Med. 2008, 9: 12-17.","journal-title":"The S Afr J HIV Med"},{"key":"805_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-4-429","volume":"101","author":"V Pardo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pardo V, Aldana M, Colton RM: Glomerular lesions in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1984, 101: 429-34. 10.7326\/0003-4819-101-4-429.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"805_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.118","volume":"37","author":"SA Mazbar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mazbar SA, Schoenfeld PY, Humpreys MH: Renal involvement in patients with HIV: experience at San Francisco General Hospital. Kidney Int. 1990, 37: 1325-1332. 10.1038\/ki.1990.118.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"805_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198403153101101","volume":"310","author":"TK Sreepada Rao","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sreepada Rao TK, Fillipone EJ, Nicastri AD, Landesman SH, Frank E: Associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984, 310: 669-673. 10.1056\/NEJM198403153101101.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"805_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.57","volume":"6","author":"PE Ray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ray PE, Hu CA: Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1 associated nephropathy in children. Future Virol. 2011, 6 (7): 883-894. 10.2217\/fvl.11.57.","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"805_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835f1ea1","volume":"27","author":"L Gu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gu L, Dai Y, Xu J, Mallipattu S, Kaufman L, Klotman PE, He JC, Chuang PY: Deletion of podocyte STAT 3 mitigates the entire spectrum of HIV-1 associated-nephropathy. AIDS. 2013, 27: 1091-1098. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835f1ea1.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"805_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000351","volume":"69","author":"TE Gernholtz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gernholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I: HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. Kidney Int. 2006, 69: 1885-1891. 10.1038\/sj.ki.5000351.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"805_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000178","volume":"7","author":"RA Ferrand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferrand RA, Bandason T, Musvaire P, Larke N, Nathoo KJ, Mujuru HA, Ndhlovu CE, Munyati S, Cowan FM, Gibb DM, Corbett EL: Causes of acute hospitalisation in adolescence: Burden and spectrum of HIV-related morbidity in a country with an early-onset and severe HIV epidemic: A prospective survey. PLoS Med. 2010, 7 (2): e1000178-10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000178.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"805_CR27","first-page":"p129","volume-title":"Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Infants and Children: Towards Universal Access Recommendations for a public health approach","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organisation: Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Infants and Children: Towards Universal Access Recommendations for a public health approach. 2006, p129-Accessible at \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub"},{"key":"805_CR28","first-page":"1153","volume":"71","author":"JA Simerville","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ: Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician. 2005, 71: 1153-62.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"805_CR29","volume-title":"Practical Strategies in Paediatric Diagnosis and Therapy","author":"RM Kliegman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kliegman RM, Greenbaum LA, Lye PS: Practical Strategies in Paediatric Diagnosis and Therapy. 2004, USA: Elsevier Saunders, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"805_CR30","volume-title":"Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics","author":"RE Behrman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB: Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics. 2004, USA: Saunders, 17","edition":"17"},{"key":"805_CR31","volume-title":"District Laboratory Practice for the Tropics","author":"M Cheesborough","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cheesborough M: District Laboratory Practice for the Tropics. 1998, ELBS with Tropical health Technology\/Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"key":"805_CR32","volume-title":"Clinical Laboratory Medicine","author":"R Ravel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ravel R: Clinical Laboratory Medicine. 1995, St Louis Missouri: Mosby, 6","edition":"6"},{"key":"805_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01640309","volume":"4","author":"GJ Schwartz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwartz GJ, Work DF: Measurement and estimation of GFR in children and adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009, 4: 1832-1843. 10.2215\/CJN.01640309.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"805_CR34","volume-title":"Paediatric Nephrology","author":"ED Avner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avner ED, Harman WE, Niaudet P: Paediatric Nephrology. 2004, USA: Lippincoat Williams and Wilkins, 5","edition":"5"},{"key":"805_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.29-10-335","volume":"29","author":"DA Whyte","year":"2008","unstructured":"Whyte DA, Fine RN: Chronic kidney disease in children. Paediatr Rev. 2008, 29: 335-341. 10.1542\/pir.29-10-335.","journal-title":"Paediatr Rev"},{"key":"805_CR36","volume-title":"East African Clearing House on Children\u2019s Rights and Welfare. East African database","author":"DD Galgallo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galgallo DD: Prevalence of renal disease in HIV-infected children at Kenyatta national hospital. East African Clearing House on Children\u2019s Rights and Welfare. East African database. 2006, Accessed on \n                    http:\/\/www.eastafricachildren.org\/index.php"},{"key":"805_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm223","volume":"22","author":"K Wools-Kaloustian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wools-Kaloustian K, Gupta SK, Muloma E, Owino-Ong\u2019or W, Sidle J, Aubrey RW, Shen J, Kipruto K, Zwickl BE, Goldman M: Renal disease in an antiretroviral HIV-infected outpatient population in Western Kenya. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007, 22: 2208-2212. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfm223.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"805_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82881-1","volume":"116","author":"C Abitbol","year":"1990","unstructured":"Abitbol C, Zilleruelo G, Freundlich M, Strauss J: Quantitation of proteinuria with urinary protein\/creatinine ratios and random testing with dipsticks in nephrotic children. J Paediatr. 1990, 116: 243-247. 10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82881-1.","journal-title":"J Paediatr"},{"key":"805_CR39","series-title":"Poster Exhibition. Abstract no. TuPe 15.3CO2","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and treatment","author":"I Andia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andia I, Pepper LM, Matthieson P: Proceedings of the 3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and treatment. 2005, Rio de Janeiro, 24-27. Prevalence of renal disease in patients attending the HIV\/AIDS clinical at Mbarara University Teaching Hospital, Poster Exhibition. Abstract no. TuPe 15.3CO2"},{"key":"805_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000339","volume":"69","author":"TM Han","year":"2006","unstructured":"Han TM, Naicker S, Ramdial PK, Assounga AG: A cross sectional study of HIV seropositive patients with varying degrees of proteinuria in South Africa. Kidney Int. 2006, 69: 2243-2250. 10.1038\/sj.ki.5000339.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"805_CR41","first-page":"246","volume":"57","author":"J Steel-Duncan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steel-Duncan J, Miller M, Pierre RB, Dunkley-Thompson J, Palmer P, Evans-Gilbert T, Rodriguez B, Christie CD: Paediatric and perinatal HIV\/AIDS study group. Renal manifestations in HIV-infected Jamaican children. West Indian Med J. 2008, 57: 246-252.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1548192471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-75","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]]},"article-number":"75"}}