{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:21:50Z","timestamp":1787019710191,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1218499200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is a one of the most common nutritional disorder worldwide, clearly associated with the metabolic syndrome, condition with implications for the development of many chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>In the poorest countries of Latin America, malnourishment is still the most prevalent nutritional problem, but obesity is emerging in alarming rates over the last 10 years without a predictable association with metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of our study was to determine the association between insulin-resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in a group of Bolivian obese children and adolescents. The second objective was determining the relation of acanthosis nigricans and insulin-resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 61 obese children and adolescents aged between 5 and 18 years old. All children underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and fasting blood sample was also obtained to measure insulin, HDL, LDL and triglycerides serum level. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) criteria adapted for children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic syndrome was found in 36% of the children, with a higher rate among males (40%) than females (32.2%) (p = 0.599). The prevalence of each of the components was 8.2% in impaired glucose tolerance, 42.6% for high triglyceride level, 55.7% for low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 24.5% for high blood pressure. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR &gt; 3.5) was found in 39.4% of the children, with a higher rate in males (50%) than females (29%). A strong correlation was found between insulin resistance and high blood pressure (p = 0.0148) and high triglycerides (p = 0.002). No statistical significance was found between the presence of acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic syndrome has a prevalence of 36% in children and adolescent population in the study. Insulin resistance was very common among children with obesity with a significant association with high blood pressure and high triglycerides presence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]],"date-time":"2008-08-13T02:13:36Z","timestamp":1218593616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Prevalence of insulin resistance and its association with metabolic syndrome criteria among Bolivian children and adolescents with obesity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Margoth","family":"Caceres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G","family":"Teran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"208_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.9.1464","volume":"128","author":"R Martorell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martorell R, Khan LK, Hughes ML, Grummer-Strawn LM: Obesity in Latin American women and children. J Nutr. 1998, 128 (9): 1464-73.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"208_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2001.00029.x","volume":"2","author":"C Filozof","year":"2001","unstructured":"Filozof C, Gonzalez C, Sereday M, Mazza C, Braguinsky J: Obesity prevalence and trends in Latin-American countries. Obes Rev. 2001, 2 (2): 99-106. 10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2001.00029.x.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"208_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2003000700017","volume":"19","author":"H Amigo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Amigo H: Obesity in Latin American children: situation, diagnostic criteria and challenges. Cad Saude Publica. 2003, 19 (Suppl 1): S163-70.","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"208_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm003","volume":"29","author":"R Kelishadi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kelishadi R: Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev. 2007, 29: 62-76. 10.1093\/epirev\/mxm003.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0276","volume":"89","author":"S Ten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ten S, Maclaren N: Insulin resistance syndrome in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89 (6): 2526-39. 10.1210\/jc.2004-0276.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"208_CR6","first-page":"119","volume":"32","author":"LK Scott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scott LK: Insulin resistance syndrome in children. Pediatr Nurs. 2006, 32 (2): 119-24, 143.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.6.578","volume":"160","author":"RC Whitaker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whitaker RC, Orzol SM: Obesity among US urban preschool children: relationships to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006, 160 (6): 578-84. 10.1001\/archpedi.160.6.578.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"208_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600302","volume":"46","author":"JD Boardman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boardman JD, Saint Onge JM, Rogers RG, Denney JT: Race differentials in obesity: the impact of place. J Health Soc Behav. 2005, 46 (3): 229-43.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.116","volume":"12","author":"MA White","year":"2004","unstructured":"White MA, O'Neil PM, Kolotkin RL, Byrne TK: Gender, race, and obesity-related quality of life at extreme levels of obesity. Obes Res. 2004, 12 (6): 949-55. 10.1038\/oby.2004.116.","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"208_CR10","volume-title":"Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)","author":"National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)","year":"2001","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). 2001, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health"},{"key":"208_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. Second Report: 1980, Geneva, World Health Organization, (Technical Report Series, No. 646)"},{"issue":"2","key":"208_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010187","volume":"151","author":"RL Hanson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hanson RL, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Narayan KM, Roumain JM, Imperatore G, Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Evaluation of simple indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion for use in epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 151 (2): 190-198.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"208_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.8.740","volume":"159","author":"V Hirschler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirschler V, Aranda C, Calcagno Mde L, Maccalini G, Jadzinsky M: Can waist circumference identify children with the metabolic syndrome?. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005, 159 (8): 740-4. 10.1001\/archpedi.159.8.740.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"208_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03989.x","volume":"77","author":"AJ Penington","year":"2007","unstructured":"Penington AJ, Morrison WA: Skin graft failure is predicted by waist-hip ratio: a marker for metabolic syndrome. ANZ J Surg. 2007, 77 (3): 118-20. 10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03989.x.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"208_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179918","volume":"59","author":"B Tresaco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tresaco B, Bueno G, Moreno LA, Garagorri JM, Bueno M: Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents. J Physiol Biochem. 2003, 59 (3): 217-23.","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"208_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S1695-4033(07)70653-7","volume":"67","author":"L Tapia Ceballos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tapia Ceballos L, L\u00f3pez Siguero JP, Jurado Ortiz A: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in obese children and adolescents. An Pediatr (Barc). 2007, 67 (4): 352-61. 10.1157\/13110608.","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"issue":"11","key":"208_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0709","volume":"29","author":"JM Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JM, Okumura MJ, Davis MM, Herman WH, Gurney JG: Prevalence and determinants of insulin resistance among U.S. adolescents: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29 (11): 2427-32. 10.2337\/dc06-0709.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02526.x","volume":"64","author":"C Druet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Druet C, Dabbas M, Baltakse V, Payen C, Jouret B, Baud C, Chevenne D, Ricour C, Tauber M, Polak M, Alberti C, Levy-Marchal C: Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in obese French children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006, 64 (6): 672-8. 10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02526.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"208_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.12.007","volume":"16","author":"G Valerio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Valerio G, Licenziati MR, Iannuzzi A, Franzese A, Siani P, Riccardi G, Rubba P: Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents from Southern Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006, 16 (4): 279-84. 10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.12.007.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"208_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802694","volume":"28","author":"M Lambert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lambert M, Paradis G, O'Loughlin J, Delvin EE, Hanley JA, Levy E: Insulin resistance syndrome in a representative sample of children and adolescents from Quebec, Canada. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28: 833-41. 10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802694.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"208_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013812","volume":"159","author":"G Cs\u00e1bi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1bi G, T\u00f6r\u00f6k K, Jeges S, Moln\u00e1r D: Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2000, 159: 91-4. 10.1007\/PL00013812.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"208_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031188","volume":"89","author":"ML Cruz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cruz ML, Weigensberg MJ, Huang TT, Ball G, Shaibi GQ, Goran MI: The metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth and the role of insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89: 108-13. 10.1210\/jc.2003-031188.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"208_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.03.009","volume":"55","author":"M Agirbasli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Agirbasli M, Cakir S, Ozme S, Ciliv G: Metabolic syndrome in Turkish children and adolescents. Metabolism. 2006, 55: 1002-6. 10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.03.009.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"208_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.50","volume":"14","author":"A Esmaillzadeh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran P, Azadbakht L, Etemadi A, Azizi F: High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Iranian adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006, 14: 377-82. 10.1038\/oby.2006.50.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"8","key":"208_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821","volume":"157","author":"S Cook","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH: Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003, 157 (8): 821-7. 10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"208_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 110 (16): 2494-7. 10.1161\/01.CIR.0000145117.40114.C7. 2004 Oct 19","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000145117.40114.C7"},{"issue":"12","key":"208_CR27","first-page":"917","volume":"42","author":"JF Fu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fu JF, Liang L, Dong GP, Jiang YJ, Zou CC: Obese children with benign acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance: analysis of 19 cases. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2004, 42 (12): 917-9.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"208_CR28","first-page":"19","volume":"99","author":"K Copeland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Copeland K, Pankratz K, Cathey V, Immohotichey P, Maddox J, Felton B, McIntosh R, Parker D, Burgin C, Blackett P: Acanthosis Nigricans, insulin resistance (HOMA) and dyslipidemia among Native American children. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2006, 99 (1): 19-24.","journal-title":"J Okla State Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"208_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00078.x","volume":"3","author":"SK Maitra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maitra SK, Rowland Payne CM: The obesity syndrome and acanthosis nigricans. Acanthosis nigricans is a common cosmetic problem providing epidemiological clues to the obesity syndrome, the insulin-resistance syndrome, the thrifty metabolism, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004, 3 (4): 202-10. 10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00078.x.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.12.007","volume":"37","author":"JC Lopez-Alvarenga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Garc\u00eda-Hidalgo L, Landa-Anell MV, Santos-G\u00f3mez R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Barranco J, Comuzzie A: Influence of skin color on the diagnostic utility of clinical acanthosis nigricans to predict insulin resistance in obese patients. Arch Med Res. 2006, 37 (6): 744-8. 10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.12.007.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"208_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2000.69","volume":"20","author":"H Saadi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saadi H, Lestringant GG, Nyomba BL, Bener A: Association of acanthosis nigricans with risk of diabetes and insulin resistance. Ann Saudi Med. 2000, 20 (1): 69-71.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"208_CR32","first-page":"112","volume":"101","author":"J Bolding","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bolding J, Wratchford T, Perkins K, Ogershok P: Prevalence of obesity, acanthosis nigricans and hyperinsulinemia in an adolescent clinic. W V Med J. 2005, 101 (3): 112-5.","journal-title":"W V Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01272.x","volume":"44","author":"T Guran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guran T, Turan S, Akcay T, Bereket A: Significance of acanthosis nigricans in childhood obesity. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008, 44 (6): 338-41. 10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01272.x.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"208_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroki R, Sadamoto Y, Imamura M, Abe Y, Higuchi K, Kato K, Koga T, Furue M: Acanthosis nigricans with severe obesity, insulin resistance and hypothyroidism: improvement by diet control. Dermatology. 198 (2): 164-6. 10.1159\/000018096.","DOI":"10.1159\/000018096"},{"issue":"6","key":"208_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1081\/CEH-200031833","volume":"26","author":"KC Sung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sung KC, Ryu SH: Insulin resistance, body mass index, waist circumference are independent risk factor for high blood pressure. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2004, 26 (6): 547-56. 10.1081\/CEH-200031833.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"208_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01371.x","volume":"21","author":"E Ferrannini","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, Natali A, Hazuda HP, Patterson JK: High blood pressure and insulin resistance: influence of ethnic background. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991, 21 (3): 280-7. 10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01371.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T04:51:10Z","timestamp":1630471870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-8-31","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"31"}}