{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T20:28:27Z","timestamp":1784233707964,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Disturbance in sleep quality is a symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD) and thus improving quality of sleep is an important aspect of successful treatment. Here, a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study examined the effect of olanzapine (an atypical antipsychotic) augmentation therapy on sleep architecture, specifically slow wave sleep (SWS), in the treatment of depression. The effect of olanzapine augmentation therapy on other features of sleep (e.g., sleep continuity) and depression (e.g., illness severity and cognitive function) were also determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients currently experiencing a major depressive episode and who were on a stable medication were included. Sleep architecture was measured by overnight ambulatory polysomnography. Illness severity was determined using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Cognitive function was examined using Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): Spatial Working Memory (SWM), Spatial Span (SSP), and Reaction Time (RTI) tasks. Polysomnographs, clinical measures and cognitive tests were administered at baseline, after 2\u20134 days of treatment and after 28\u201331 days of treatment. Twenty-five patients participated in the study (N\u2009=\u200910, N\u2009=\u200915 for placebo and olanzapine treated groups respectively).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The primary objective of the study was to assess the objective (polysomnographic) changes in sleep quality, defined as changes in SWS, following olanzapine treatment for depression. Latency to but not duration of SWS was found to significantly differ between olanzapine- and placebo-treated participants (Hedge\u2019s g: 0.97, 0.13 respectively). A significant improvement in olanzapine-treated participants over placebo-treated participants was observed in secondary outcome measures, including sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and sleep latency. Secondary objectives assessed the subjective changes in sleep quality parameters and correlated them with measures of illness severity and changes in cognition. MADRS scores were significantly improved in olanzapine-treated participants over time but not more than placebo treatment. There was no significant difference between olanzapine- and placebo-treated participants in SWM, SSP or RTI tasks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Olanzapine augmentation treatment generally did not improve SWS but did improve sleep continuity and depression. Olanzapine may be one of few medications that improve sleep continuity, thus directly targeting symptoms of depression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/NCT00520507\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT00520507<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-14-202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T01:01:06Z","timestamp":1405558866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Sleep architecture and cognitive changes in olanzapine-treated patients with depression: A double blind randomized placebo controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lauren K","family":"Lazowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R","family":"Hawken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruzica","family":"Jokic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"du Toit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roumen","family":"Milev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1710_CR1","volume-title":"Evaluation and Management of Sleep Disorders","author":"M Reite","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reite M, Ruddy J, Nagel K: Evaluation and Management of Sleep Disorders. 2002, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 3","edition":"3"},{"key":"1710_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430110069030","volume":"262","author":"DE Ford","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ford DE, Kamerow DB: Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: An opportunity for prevention?. JAMA. 1989, 262: 1479-1484. 10.1001\/jama.1989.03430110069030.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009241","volume":"146","author":"PP Chang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chang PP, Ford DE, Mead LA, Cooper-Patrick L, Klag MJ: Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression: The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 146: 105-114. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009241.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230050007","volume":"54","author":"MA Dew","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dew MA, Reynolds CF, Houck PR, Hall M, Buysse DJ, Frank E, Kupfer D: Temporal profiles of the course of depression during treatment: Predictors of pathways toward recovery in the elderly. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997, 54: 1016-1024. 10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230050007.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.958","volume":"154","author":"CF Reynolds III","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reynolds CF, Frank E, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Dew MA, Cornes C, Buysse D, Begley A, Kupfer D: Which elderly patients with remitted depression remain well with continued interpersonal psychotherapy after discontinuation of antidepressant medication?. Am J Psychiatry. 1997, 154: 958-962.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.09.008","volume":"29","author":"D Markov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Markov D, Goldman M: Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: neurobiologic mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006, 29: 841-853. 10.1016\/j.psc.2006.09.008.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"1710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.01.001","volume":"88","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hirshkowitz M: Normal human sleep: An overview. Med Clin North Am. 2004, 88: 551-565. 10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.01.001. vii","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"1710_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00090-4","volume":"57","author":"D Riemann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Riemann D, Berger M, Voderholzer U: Sleep and depression\u2013results from psychobiological studies: an overview. Biol Psychol. 2001, 57: 67-103. 10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00090-4.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"1710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1969.tb06203.x","volume":"45","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"1969","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ, Harrow M, Detre T: Sleep patterns and psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1969, 45: 75-89. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1969.tb06203.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"1710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92090-9","volume":"300","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ, Foster FG: Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet. 1972, 300: 684-686. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92090-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.6.622","volume":"133","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ, Foster FG, Reich L, Thompson SK, Weiss B: EEG sleep changes as predictors in depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1976, 133: 622-626.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010","volume":"49","author":"RM Benca","year":"1992","unstructured":"Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC: Sleep and psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992, 49: 651-668. 10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0407","volume":"66","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, Attenburrow ME, Hafizi S, Cowen PJ: Olanzapine increases slow wave sleep and sleep continuity in SSRI-resistant depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 450-454. 10.4088\/JCP.v66n0407.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00910-0","volume":"48","author":"JA Sweeney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sweeney JA, Kmiec JA, Kupfer DJ: Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery. Biol Psychiatry. 2000, 48: 674-684. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00910-0.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.02.011","volume":"104","author":"S Gruber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gruber S, Rathgeber K, Braunig P, Gauggel S: Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in manic and depressed bipolar patients compared to patients with Major Depression. J Affect Disord. 2007, 104: 61-71. 10.1016\/j.jad.2007.02.011.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035303","volume":"26","author":"R Elliott","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, McKay AP, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES: Neuropsychological impairments in unipolar depression: the influence of perceived failure on subsequent performance. Psychol Med. 1996, 26: 975-989. 10.1017\/S0033291700035303.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01072-6","volume":"50","author":"MM Grant","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grant MM, Thase ME, Sweeney JA: Cognitive disturbance in outpatient depressed younger adults: evidence of modest impairment. Biol Psychiatry. 2001, 50: 35-43. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01072-6.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005448","volume":"27","author":"R Purcell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C: Neuropsychological function in young patients with unipolar major depression. Psychol Med. 1997, 27: 1277-1285. 10.1017\/S0033291797005448.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1710_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00442.x","volume":"14","author":"JP Nilsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nilsson JP, Soderstrom M, Karlsson AU, Lekander M, Akerstedt T, Lindroth NE, Axelsson J: Less effective executive functioning after one night's sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res. 2005, 14: 1-6. 10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00442.x.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"1710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283052cf7","volume":"21","author":"MW Chee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chee MW, Chuah LY: Functional neuroimaging insights into how sleep and sleep deprivation affect memory and cognition. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008, 21: 417-423.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"1710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0203","volume":"5","author":"K Jones","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jones K, Harrison Y: Frontal lobe function, sleep loss and fragmented sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2001, 5: 463-475. 10.1053\/smrv.2001.0203.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"1710_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26918","volume":"3","author":"S Banks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Banks S, Dinges DF: Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007, 3: 519-528.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1710_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3740440","volume":"37","author":"M Ferrara","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ferrara M, De GL, Casagrande M, Bertini M: Selective slow-wave sleep deprivation and time-of-night effects on cognitive performance upon awakening. Psychophysiology. 2000, 37: 440-446. 10.1111\/1469-8986.3740440.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"1710_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00150-X","volume":"68","author":"M Ferrara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ferrara M, De GL, Bertini M: The effects of slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation and time of night on behavioral performance upon awakening. Physiol Behav. 1999, 68: 55-61. 10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00150-X.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/23.1.1f","volume":"23","author":"E Naylor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Naylor E, Penev PD, Orbeta L, Janssen I, Ortiz R, Colecchia EF, Keng M, Finkel S, Zee PC: Daily social and physical activity increases slow-wave sleep and daytime neuropsychological performance in the elderly. Sleep. 2000, 23: 87-95.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.04.005","volume":"38","author":"R G\u00f6der","year":"2004","unstructured":"G\u00f6der R, Boigs M, Braun S, Friege L, Fritzer G, Aldenhoff JB, Hinze-Selch D: Impairment of visuospatial memory is associated with decreased slow wave sleep in schizophrenia. J Psychiat Res. 2004, 38: 591-599. 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.04.005.","journal-title":"J Psychiat Res"},{"key":"1710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00247-8","volume":"42","author":"J John","year":"2004","unstructured":"John J, Wu MF, Boehmer LN, Siegel JM: Cataplexy-active neurons in the hypothalamus: implications for the role of histamine in sleep and waking behavior. Neuron. 2004, 42: 619-634. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00247-8.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1710_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00600-9","volume":"91","author":"MF Wu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wu MF, Gulyani SA, Yau E, Mignot E, Phan B, Siegel JM: Locus coeruleus neurons: cessation of activity during cataplexy. Neuroscience. 1999, 91: 1389-1399. 10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00600-9.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02002-6","volume":"24","author":"CB Saper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE: The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci. 2001, 24: 726-731. 10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02002-6.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.6.478","volume":"18","author":"R Szymusiak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Szymusiak R: Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: substrates of sleep and arousal regulation. Sleep. 1995, 18: 478-500.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00135-P","volume":"37","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, Cowen PJ: Effect of pharmacologic treatments on the sleep of depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1995, 37: 85-98. 10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00135-P.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.131","volume":"158","author":"RC Shelton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, Stahl S, Gannon KS, Jacobs TG, Buras WR, Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Spencer KA, Feldman PD, Meltzer HY: A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2001, 158: 131-134. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.131.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR33","first-page":"28","volume":"58","author":"FP Bymaster","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bymaster FP, Rasmussen K, Calligaro DO, Nelson DL, DeLapp NW, Wong DT, Moore NA: In vitro and in vivo biochemistry of olanzapine: a novel, atypical antipsychotic drug. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997, 58: 28-36.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.02.003","volume":"45","author":"EC Landsness","year":"2011","unstructured":"Landsness EC, Goldstein MR, Peterson MJ, Tononi G, Benca RM: Antidepressant effects of selective slow wave sleep deprivation in major depression: A high-density EEG investigation. J Psychiatr Res. 2011, 45: 1019-1026. 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.02.003.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1710_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.4.489","volume":"31","author":"R Manber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manber R, Edinger JD, Gress JL, San Pedro-Salcedo MG, Kuo TF, Kalista T: Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia. Sleep. 2008, 31: 489-495.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0207","volume":"68","author":"ME Thase","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thase ME, Corya SA, Osuntokun O, Case M, Henley DB, Sanger TM, Watson SB, Dube S: A randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine\/fluoxetine combination, olanzapine, and fluoxetine in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007, 68: 224-236. 10.4088\/JCP.v68n0207.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90035-2","volume":"40","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1992","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Monk TH, Ritenour A, Ehlers C: Electroencephalographic sleep studies in depressed outpatients treated with interpersonal psychotherapy. I. Baseline studies in responders and non-responders. Psychiatry Res. 1992, 40: 13-26.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1710_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0803","volume":"58","author":"RJ Salin-Pascual","year":"1997","unstructured":"Salin-Pascual RJ, Galicia-Polo L, Drucker-Colin R: Sleep changes after 4 consecutive days of venlafaxine administration in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997, 58: 348-350. 10.4088\/JCP.v58n0803.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90175-D","volume":"33","author":"M Wiegand","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wiegand M, Riemann D, Schreiber W, Lauer CJ, Berger M: Morning and afternoon naps in depressed patients after total sleep deprivation: sleep structure and impact on mood. Biol Psychiatry. 1993, 33: 467-476. 10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90175-D.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00273-5","volume":"47","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, Vassallo CM, Cowen PJ: Olanzapine increases slow-wave sleep: evidence for blockade of central 5-HT(2C) receptors in vivo. Biol Psychiatry. 2000, 47: 468-470. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00273-5.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200207000-00004","volume":"17","author":"N Lindberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lindberg N, Virkkunen M, Tani P, Appelberg B, Virkkala J, Rimon R, Porkka-Heiskanen T: Effect of a single-dose of olanzapine on sleep in healthy females and males. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002, 17: 177-184. 10.1097\/00004850-200207000-00004.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1710_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000553","volume":"153","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, Vassallo CM, Pooley EC, Harrison PJ, Cowen PJ: Allelic variation in the 5-HT2C receptor (HT2RC) and the increase in slow wave sleep produced by olanzapine. Psychopharmacology. 2001, 153: 271-272. 10.1007\/s002130000553.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1710_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033376","volume":"25","author":"HY Meltzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meltzer HY, McGurk SR: The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1999, 25: 233-255. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033376.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1710_CR44","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 1994, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 4","edition":"4"},{"key":"1710_CR45","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar G: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998, 59: 22-33.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","volume":"133","author":"RC Young","year":"1978","unstructured":"Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA: A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978, 133: 429-435. 10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960, 23: 56-62. 10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, Asberg M: A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979, 134: 382-389. 10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","volume":"32","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hamilton M: The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959, 32: 50-55. 10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x.","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"1710_CR50","first-page":"76","volume":"Special Pub 3","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hamilton M: Diagnosis and rating of anxiety. Br J Psychiatry. 1969, Special Pub 3: 76-79.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28: 193-213. 10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1710_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.40.1.87","volume":"40","author":"JS Dixon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dixon JS, Bird HA: Reproducibility along a 10\u00a0cm vertical visual analogue scale. Ann Rheum Dis. 1981, 40: 87-89. 10.1136\/ard.40.1.87.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1710_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johns MW: A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991, 14: 540-545.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR54","volume-title":"ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised","author":"W Guy","year":"1976","unstructured":"Guy W: Clinical Global Impressions. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised. Edited by: Guy W. 1976, Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health"},{"key":"1710_CR55","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Aging","author":"AD Lawrence","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lawrence AD, Sahakian BJ: The Neuropsychology of Frontostriatal Dementias. Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Aging. Edited by: Woods RT. 1996, New York: Wiley, 243-265."},{"key":"1710_CR56","first-page":"266","volume":"5","author":"TW Robbins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, McInnes L, Rabbitt P: Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): A factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia. 1994, 5: 266-281.","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"1710_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.2.173","volume":"15","author":"A Bonnet","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bonnet A, Carley D, Carskadon M, Easton P, Guilleminault C, Harper R, Hayes B, Hirshkowitz M, Ktonas P, Keenan S, Pressman M, Roehers T, Smith J, Walsh J, Weber S, Westbrook P: EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples: A preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep. 1992, 15: 173-184.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246410","volume":"126","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, Williamson DJ, Attenburrow ME, Pearson G, Sargent P, Cowen PJ: The effects of paroxetine and nefazodone on sleep: a placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996, 126: 50-54. 10.1007\/BF02246410.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"1710_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050718","volume":"139","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, McGavin CL, Whale R, Cowen PJ: Antidepressant-like effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John\u2019s wort) on the sleep polysomnogram. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998, 139: 286-287. 10.1007\/s002130050718.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"1710_CR60","volume-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications","author":"C Iber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF: The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. 2007, Weschester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 1","edition":"1"},{"key":"1710_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.1.73","volume":"34","author":"WR Ruehland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruehland WR, O\u2019Donoghue FJ, Pierce RJ, Thornton AT, Singh P, Copland JM, Stevens B, Rochford PD: The 2007 AASM recommendations for EEG electrode placement in polysomnography: Impact on sleep and cortical arousal scoring. Sleep. 2011, 34: 73-81.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR62","first-page":"895","volume":"137","author":"GA Gould","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gould GA, Whyte KF, Rhind GB, Airlie MAA, Catterall JR, Shapiro CM, Douglas NJ: The sleep hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1988, 137: 895-898.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1710_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.5.667","volume":"22","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force","year":"1999","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force: Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. Sleep. 1999, 22: 667-689.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1710_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0805","volume":"66","author":"S Cohrs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cohrs S, Meier A, Neumann AC, Jordan W, Ruther E, Rodenbeck A: Improved sleep continuity and increased slow wave sleep and REM latency during ziprasidone treatment: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial of 12 healthy male subjects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 989-996. 10.4088\/JCP.v66n0805.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR65","first-page":"501","volume":"6","author":"L Gedge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gedge L, Lazowski L, Murray D, Jokic R, Milev R: Effects of quetiapine on sleep architecture in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010, 6: 501-508.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"1710_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000054934","volume":"44","author":"GM Saletu-Zyhlarz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Abu-Bakr MH, Anderer P, Semler B, Decker K, Parapatics S, Tschida U, Winkler A, Saletu B: Insomnia related to dysthymia: polysomnographic and psychometric comparison with normal controls and acute therapeutic trials with trazodone. Neuropsychobiology. 2001, 44: 139-149. 10.1159\/000054934.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"1710_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245272","volume":"107","author":"AL Bemmel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bemmel AL, Havermans RG, Diest R: Effects of trazodone on EEG sleep and clinical state in major depression. Psychopharmacology. 1992, 107: 569-574. 10.1007\/BF02245272.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1710_CR68","first-page":"S37","volume":"95","author":"J Mouret","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mouret J, Lemoine P, Minuit MP, Benkelfat C, Renardet M: Effects of trazodone on the sleep of depressed subjects\u2013a polygraphic study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988, 95 (Suppl): S37-S43.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"1710_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.01.006","volume":"17","author":"M Kluge","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kluge M, Schussler P, Steiger A: Duloxetine increases stage 3 sleep and suppresses rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in patients with major depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 17: 527-531. 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.01.006.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1710_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0212","volume":"64","author":"AL Sharpley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharpley AL, Bhagwagar Z, Hafizi S, Whale WR, Gijsman HJ, Cowen PJ: Risperidone augmentation decreases rapid eye movement sleep and decreases wake in treatment-resistant depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003, 64: 192-196. 10.4088\/JCP.v64n0212.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760070061009","volume":"30","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF, Weiss BL, Foster FG: Lithium carbonate and sleep in affective disorders: further considerations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974, 30: 79-84. 10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760070061009.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00491.x","volume":"9","author":"S Dube","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dube S, Tollefson GD, Thase ME, Briggs SD, Van Campen LE, Case M, Tohen M: Onset of antidepressant effect of olanzapine and olanzapine\/fluoxetine combination in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord. 2007, 9: 618-627. 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00491.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1710_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.034","volume":"62","author":"JV Taylor Tavares","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor Tavares JV, Clark L, Cannon DM, Erickson K, Drevets WC, Sahakian BJ: Distinct profiles of neurocognitive function in unmedicated unipolar depression and bipolar II depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 62: 917-924. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.034.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1710_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.10.009","volume":"82","author":"P Weiland-Fiedler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiland-Fiedler P, Erickson K, Waldeck T, Luckenbaugh DA, Pike D, Bonne O, Charney DS, Neumeister A: Evidence for continuing neuropsychological impairments in depression. J Affect Disord. 2004, 82: 253-258. 10.1016\/j.jad.2003.10.009.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1710_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.11.009","volume":"152","author":"M Kluge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kluge M, Schacht A, Himmerrich H, Rummel-Kluge C, Wehmeier PM, Dalah M, Hinze-Selch D, Kraus T, Dittmann RW, Pollmacher T, Schuld A: Olanazpine and clozapine differently affect sleep in patients with schizoprhrenia: Results from a double-blind, polysomnographic study and review of the literature. Schizophr Res. 2014, 152: 255-260. 10.1016\/j.schres.2013.11.009.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-202.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-202\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-202.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T08:25:10Z","timestamp":1630571110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-14-202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"202"}}