{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:36:30Z","timestamp":1790526990229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]],"date-time":"2006-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148428800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper examines rates of exposure to work-related violence and other trauma, and the prevalence of lifetime and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among female street-based sex workers. It also investigates associations between current PTSD symptoms and: demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, injecting and sex risk behaviours, and trauma history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross sectional data collected from 72 women via face to face structured interviews. The interview included structured diagnostic assessment of DSM-IV PTSD; drug dependence; depression; experience of childhood trauma; and an assessment of sex working history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All but one of the women interviewed reported experiencing trauma, with the majority reporting multiple traumas that typically began in early childhood. Child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault and work related violence were commonly reported. Just under half of the women met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and approximately one-third reported current PTSD symptoms. Adult sexual assault was associated with current PTSD symptoms. Depression and drug dependence were also highly prevalent; cocaine dependence in particular was associated with elevated rates of injecting risk and sexual risk behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These women reported complex trauma histories and despite ongoing opportunities for clinical intervention, they continued to experience problems, suggesting that current models of treatment may not be appropriate. More targeted interventions, and integrated mental health and drug treatment services are needed to address the problems these women are experiencing. Outreach services to these women remain a priority. Education strategies to reduce risky injecting and sexual behaviours among sex workers should also remain a priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-6-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]],"date-time":"2006-05-24T02:50:30Z","timestamp":1148439030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Posttraumatic stress disorder among female street-based sex workers in the greater Sydney area, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Roxburgh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"153_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/10532528.2001.10559799","volume":"12","author":"I Vanwesenbeeck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vanwesenbeeck I: Another Decade of Social Scientific Work on Sex Work: A Review of Research 1990-2000. Annual Review of Sex Research. 2001, 12: 242-289.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sex Research"},{"key":"153_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129550126498","volume":"7","author":"M Gossop","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gossop M, Powis B, Griffiths P, Strang J: Female prostitutes in South London: use of heroin, cocaine and alcohol and their relationship to health risk behaviours. Aids Care. 1995, 7: 253-260.","journal-title":"Aids Care"},{"key":"153_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000105002.34902.B5","volume":"31","author":"NA Tuan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tuan NA, Hien NT, Chi PK, Giang LT, Thang BD, Long HT, Saidel T, Roger MD: Intravenous Drug Use Among Street-Based Sex workers: A High-Risk Behaviour for HIV Transmission. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2004, 31: 15-19.","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"153_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v27n03_03","volume":"27","author":"M Farley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Farley M, Barkan H: Prostitution, violence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Women and Health. 1998, 27: 37-49.","journal-title":"Women and Health"},{"key":"153_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00556.x","volume":"25","author":"C Harcourt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harcourt C, van Beek I, Heslop J, McMahon M, Donovan B: The health and welfare needs of female and transgender street sex workers in New South Wales. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001, 25: 84-89.","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"153_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204263199","volume":"10","author":"SP Kurtz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kurtz SP, Surratt H, Inciardi J, Kiley M: Sex Work and \"Date\" Violence. Violence Against Women. 2004, 10: 357-385.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"153_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7285.524","volume":"322","author":"S Church","year":"2001","unstructured":"Church S, Henderson M, Barnard M, Hart G: Violence by clients towards female prostitutes in different work settings: Questionnaire survey. British Medical Journal. 2001, 322: 524-525.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"153_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838003004003004","volume":"4","author":"DA Kaysen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaysen DA, Resick PA, Wise D: Living in Danger:The Impact of Chronic Traumatisation and the Traumatic Context on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Trauma, Violence and Abuse. 2003, 4: 247-264.","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence and Abuse"},{"key":"153_CR9","volume-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International:Section B: The Sciences and Engineering","author":"JN Higgins","year":"1996","unstructured":"Higgins JN: Traumatic stress reactions in police. Dissertation Abstracts International:Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 1996, 57:"},{"key":"153_CR10","volume-title":"Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study","author":"RA Kulka","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar R, Weiss D: Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. 1990, New York, Brunner\/Mazel."},{"key":"153_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1150","volume":"152","author":"SM Southwick","year":"1995","unstructured":"Southwick SM, Morgan III CA, Darnell A, Bremner D, Nicolau AL, Nagy LM, Charney DS: Trauma-Related Symptoms in Veterans of Operation Desert Storm:A 2-Year Follow-Up. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995, 152: 1150-1155.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050303","volume":"5","author":"WE Schlenger","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Fairbank JA, Hough RW, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al: The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the Vietnam generation: A multimethod, multisource assessment of psychiatric disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1992, 5: 333-363.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"153_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.9.1570","volume":"159","author":"A Feinstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feinstein A, Owen J, Blair N: A Hazardous Profession: War, Journalists and Psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002, 159: 1570-1575.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR14","volume-title":"The mental health of Australians: National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing","author":"G Andrews","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andrews G, Hall W, Teesson M, Henderson S: The mental health of Australians: National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. 1999, Canberra, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care."},{"key":"153_CR15","volume-title":"Australian Studies in Law, Crime and Justice","author":"R Perkins","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perkins R: Working Girls: Prostitutes, their life and social control. Australian Studies in Law, Crime and Justice. 1991, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology."},{"key":"153_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision. 2000, Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"153_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01895-4","volume":"53","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bryant RA: Early Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2003, 53: 789-795.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.235","volume":"150","author":"JD Bremner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bremner JD: Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993, 150: 235-239.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000056243","volume":"70","author":"N McKenzie","year":"2001","unstructured":"McKenzie N: Family and past history of mental illness as predisposing factors in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001, 70: 163-165.","journal-title":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics"},{"key":"153_CR20","first-page":"2426","volume-title":"Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry","author":"DM Benedek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benedek DM, Ursano RJ, Holloway HC: Military and Disaster Psychiatry. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Edited by: Sadock BJ and Sadock VA. 2005, New York, Lipincott Williams & Williams, II: 2426-2435. 8th","edition":"8th"},{"key":"153_CR21","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Trauma and substance abuse","author":"PJ Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown PJ, Read JP, Kahler CW: Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: Treatment outcomes and the role of coping. Trauma and substance abuse. Edited by: Oiumette P and Brown PJ. 2003, Washington DC, American Psychological Association, 171-188."},{"key":"153_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004287","volume":"31","author":"M Creamer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Creamer M, Burgess P, McFarlane AC: Posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychological Medicine. 2001, 31: 1237-1247.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"153_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x","volume":"111","author":"F Orjan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Orjan F, Rimmo P: Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2005, 111: 291-299.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"153_CR24","volume-title":"Treating the Trauma of Rape; Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for PTSD","author":"E Foa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Foa E, Rothbaum B: Treating the Trauma of Rape; Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for PTSD. 1998, New York, The Guildford Press"},{"key":"153_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199009000-00005","volume":"178","author":"L Buydens-Branchey","year":"1990","unstructured":"Buydens-Branchey L, Noumair D, Brancey M: Duration and intensity of combat exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 1990, 178: 582-587.","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease"},{"key":"153_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/088626000015003001","volume":"15","author":"KA Tyler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tyler KA, Hoyt DR, Whitbeck LB: The effects of early sexual abuse on later sexual victimisation among female homeless and runaway adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2000, 15: 235-250.","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"153_CR27","first-page":"149","volume":"16","author":"RJ Valera","year":"2000","unstructured":"Valera RJ, Sawyer RG, Schiraldi GR: Violence and posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of inner-city street prostitutes. American Journal of Health Studies. 2000, 16: 149-155.","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Studies"},{"key":"153_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v42n01_02","volume":"42","author":"V Minichiello","year":"2001","unstructured":"Minichiello V, Marino R, Browne J, Jamieson M, Peterson K, Reuter B, Robinson K: Male Sex Workers in Three Australian Cities: Socio-Demographic and Sex Work Characteristics. Journal of Homosexuality. 2001, 42: 29-51.","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"key":"153_CR29","volume-title":"Soliciting in Darlinghurst: Female, transsexual and male street prostitutes talk about their work","author":"G Travis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Travis G: Soliciting in Darlinghurst: Female, transsexual and male street prostitutes talk about their work. 1986, Sydney, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research."},{"key":"153_CR30","volume-title":"Being a prostitute","author":"R Perkins","year":"1985","unstructured":"Perkins R, Bennet G: Being a prostitute. 1985, Sydney, Allen & Unwin."},{"key":"153_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.1.66","volume":"87","author":"DSW El-Bassel","year":"1997","unstructured":"El-Bassel DSW, Schilling R, Irwin KL, Faruque S, Gilbert L, Von Bargen J, Serrano Y, Edlin BR: Sex Trading and Psychological Distress among Women Recruited from the Streets of Harlem. American Journal of Public Health. 1997, 87: 66-70.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"153_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2001.00857.x","volume":"35","author":"SE Romans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Romans SE, Potter K, Martin J, Herbison P: The mental and physical health of female sex workers: a comparative study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000, 35: 75-80.","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128703258875","volume":"50","author":"H Surratt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Surratt H, Inciardi J, Kurtz SP, Kiley M: Sex work and drug use in a subculture of violence. Crime and Delinquency. 2004, 50: 43-59.","journal-title":"Crime and Delinquency"},{"key":"153_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.12.2000","volume":"84","author":"M Alegria","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alegria M, Vera M, Freeman DH, Robles R, del C. Santos M, Rivera CL: HIV infection, risk behaviours, and depressive symptoms among Puerto Rican sex-workers. American Journal of Public Health. 1994, 84: 2000-2002.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"153_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.09.003","volume":"30","author":"G Gilchrist","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilchrist G, Gruer L, Atkinson J: Comparison of drug use and psychiatric morbidity between prostitute and non-prostitute female drug users in Glasgow, Scotland. Addictive Behaviors. 2005, 30: 1019-1023.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"153_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.1999.00655.x","volume":"33","author":"K Potter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Potter K, Martin J, Romans SE: Early developmental experiences of female sex workers: a comparative study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999, 33: 935-940.","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(03)00035-7","volume":"23","author":"AG Harvey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harvey AG, Bryant RA, Tarrier N: Cognitive behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2003, 23: 501-522.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"153_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.34.3.277.42775","volume":"34","author":"J Violanti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Violanti J: Predictors of Police Suicide Ideation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour. 2004, 34: 277-283.","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour"},{"key":"153_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000168238.13252.b3","volume":"193","author":"TL Hartl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hartl TL, Rosen C, Drescher K, Lee TT, Gusman F: Predicting High-Risk Behaviours in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease. 2005, 193: 464-472.","journal-title":"The Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease"},{"key":"153_CR40","volume-title":"Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"E Foa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ: Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 2000, New York, The Guildford Press"},{"key":"153_CR41","volume-title":"Solutions and Strategies: drug problems and street sex markets. Guidance for partnerships and providers","author":"G Hunter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunter G, May T, the Drug Strategy Directorate: Solutions and Strategies: drug problems and street sex markets. Guidance for partnerships and providers. 2004, London, Home Office Drug Strategy Directorate."},{"key":"153_CR42","first-page":"327","volume":"10","author":"TK Logan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Logan TK, Leukefeld C, Farabee D: Sexual and drug use behaviours among women crack users: Implications for prevention. AIDS Education and Prevention. 1998, 10: 327-340.","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"key":"153_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh124","volume":"26","author":"N Jeal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeal N, Salisbury C: A health needs assessment of street-based prostitutes: cross-sectional survey. Journal of Public Health. 2004, 26: 147-151.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"153_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350500053349","volume":"13","author":"LM Kuyper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuyper LM, Palepu A, Kerr T, Li K, Miller CL, Spittal P, Hogg RS, Montaner JSG, Wood E: Factors associated with sex-trade involvement among female injection drug users in a Canadian setting. Addiction Research & Theory. 2005, 13: 193-199.","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory"},{"key":"153_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.10.809","volume":"57","author":"J Cwikel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cwikel J, Ilan K, Chudakov B: Women brothel workers and occupational health risks. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003, 57: 809-815.","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"153_CR46","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993","unstructured":"World Health Organization: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. 1993, Geneva, WHO"},{"key":"153_CR47","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). 1994, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"153_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050026","volume":"33","author":"G Andrews","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andrews G, Peters L: The psychometric properties of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1998, 33: 80-88.","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"153_CR49","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory Manual, 2nd Edition","author":"AT Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK: Beck Depression Inventory Manual, 2nd Edition. 1996, San Antonio, The Psychological Corporation; Harcourt Brace and Company"},{"key":"153_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb02199.x","volume":"90","author":"M Gossop","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gossop M, Darke S, Griffiths P, Hando J, Powis B, Hall W, Strang J: The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction. 1995, 90: 607-614.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"153_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02719.x","volume":"87","author":"S Darke","year":"1992","unstructured":"Darke S, Hall W, Wodak A, Heather N, Ward J: Development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument for assessing outcomes of treatment among opiate users: The Opiate Treatment Index. Brit J Addiction. 1992, 87: 733-742.","journal-title":"Brit J Addiction"},{"key":"153_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00382.x","volume":"3","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT, Lawton JM: Christchurch child development study. Pediatric and perinatal. 1989, 3: 302-325.","journal-title":"Pediatric and perinatal"},{"key":"153_CR53","volume-title":"Mental health, drug use and risk among female street-based sex workers in greater Sydney","author":"B Larance","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roxburgh A., Degenhardt L., Larance B, Copeland J: Mental health, drug use and risk among female street-based sex workers in greater Sydney. 2005, Sydney, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales"},{"key":"153_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.1.101","volume":"164","author":"M Gossop","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gossop M, Griffiths P, Strang J: Sex differences in patterns of drug taking behaviour. A study at a London community drug team. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994, 164: 101-104.","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"153_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.061","volume":"29","author":"JP Read","year":"2004","unstructured":"Read JP, Brown PJ, Kahler CW: Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders: Symptom interplay and effects on outcome. Addictive Behaviors. 2004, 29: 1665-1672.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"153_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.706","volume":"71","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, Dang ST, Nixon RVD: Imaginal Exposure Alone and Imaginal Exposure With Cognitive Restructuring in Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003, 71: 706-712.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"153_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010227405534","volume":"31","author":"M Napoli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Napoli M, Gerdes K, De-Souza-Rowlands S: Treatment of Prostitution Using Integrative Therapy Techniques: A Case Study. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2001, 31: 71-87.","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy"},{"key":"153_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214150","volume":"21","author":"J Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith J, Amutio A, Anderson JP, Aria LA: Relaxation:Mapping an uncharted world. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation. 1996, 21: 63-90.","journal-title":"Biofeedback and Self-Regulation"},{"key":"153_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00236-2","volume":"23","author":"CE Yahne","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yahne CE, Miller WR, Irvin-Vitela L, Tonigan S: Magdalena Pilot Project: motivational outreach to substance abusing women street sex workers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002, 23: 49-53.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"153_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.08.001","volume":"27","author":"LA Nuttbrock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nuttbrock LA, Rosenblum A, Magura S, Vilano C, Wallace J: Linking female sex workers with substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2004, 27: 233-239.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"153_CR61","volume-title":"Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change","author":"WR Miller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miller WR, Rollnick S: Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change. 2002, New York, The Guildford Press"},{"key":"153_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008624","volume":"29","author":"C Rose","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rose C, Brewin CR, Andrews B, Kirk M: A randomised controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychological Medicine. 1999, 29: 793-799.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-24.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-24\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-24.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T20:48:29Z","timestamp":1736369309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-6-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"24"}}