{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:04:18Z","timestamp":1790460258979,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]],"date-time":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1140480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is an ongoing debate over whether atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. This naturalistic study compares atypical and typical antipsychotics on time to all-cause medication discontinuation, a recognized index of medication effectiveness in the treatment of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We used data from a large, 3-year, observational, non-randomized, multisite study of schizophrenia, conducted in the U.S. between 7\/1997 and 9\/2003. Patients who were initiated on oral atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or ziprasidone) or oral typical antipsychotics (low, medium, or high potency) were compared on time to all-cause medication discontinuation for 1 year following initiation. Treatment group comparisons were based on treatment episodes using 3 statistical approaches (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox Proportional Hazards regression model, and propensity score-adjusted bootstrap resampling methods). To further assess the robustness of the findings, sensitivity analyses were performed, including the use of (a) only 1 medication episode for each patient, the one with which the patient was treated first, and (b) all medication episodes, including those simultaneously initiated on more than 1 antipsychotic.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mean time to all-cause medication discontinuation was longer on atypical (N = 1132, 256.3 days) compared to typical antipsychotics (N = 534, 197.2 days; p &lt; .01), and longer on atypicals compared to typicals of high potency (N = 320, 187.5 days; p &lt; .01), medium potency (N = 140, 213.5 days; p &lt; .01), and low potency (N = 74, 208.7 days; p &lt; .01). Among the atypicals, only clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone had significantly longer time to all-cause medication discontinuation compared to typicals, regardless of potency level, and compared to haloperidol with prophylactic anticholinergic treatment. When compared to perphenazine, a medium-potency typical antipsychotic, only clozapine and olanzapine had a consistently and significantly longer time to all-cause medication discontinuation. Results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the usual care of schizophrenia patients, time to medication discontinuation for any cause appears significantly longer for atypical than typical antipsychotics regardless of the typical antipsychotic potency level. Findings were primarily driven by clozapine and olanzapine, and to a lesser extent by risperidone. Furthermore, only clozapine and olanzapine therapy showed consistently and significantly longer treatment duration compared to perphenazine, a medium-potency typical antipsychotic.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-6-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,24]],"date-time":"2006-02-24T07:31:29Z","timestamp":1140766289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Time to discontinuation of atypical versus typical antipsychotics in the naturalistic treatment of schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Haya","family":"Ascher-Svanum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Faries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Landbloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"137_CR1","unstructured":"Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2004, 161 (suppl): 1-56. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.1."},{"key":"137_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810280049007","volume":"48","author":"MI Herz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Herz MI, Glazer WM, Mostert MA, Sheard MA, Szymanski HV, Hafez H, Mirza M, Vana J: Intermittent vs. maintenance medication in schizophrenia: two-year results. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991, 48: 333-339.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.8.886","volume":"55","author":"PJ Weiden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiden PJ, Kozma C, Grogg A, Locklear J: Partial compliance and risk of rehospitalization among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2004, 55: 886-891. 10.1176\/appi.ps.55.8.886.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"137_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007024","volume":"29","author":"R Mojtabai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mojtabai R, Lavelle J, Gibson PJ, Bromet EJ: Atypical antipsychotics in first admission schizophrenia: medication continuation and outcomes. Schizophr Bull. 2003, 29: 519-530.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"137_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.6.805","volume":"52","author":"BL Svarstad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Svarstad BL, Shireman TI, Sweeney JK: Using drug claims data to assess the relationship of medication adherence with hospitalization and costs. Psychiatr Serv. 2001, 52: 805-811. 10.1176\/appi.ps.52.6.805.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"137_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.4.508","volume":"54","author":"P Thieda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thieda P, Beard S, Richter A, Kane J: An economic review of compliance with medication therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2003, 54: 508-516. 10.1176\/appi.ps.54.4.508.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"137_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.2.196","volume":"49","author":"JA Cramer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cramer JA, Rosenheck R: Compliance with medication regimens for mental and physical disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 1998, 49: 196-201.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"137_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7273.1371","volume":"321","author":"J Geddes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, Bebbington P: Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. BMJ. 2000, 321: 1371-1376. 10.1136\/bmj.321.7273.1371.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"137_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.6.553","volume":"60","author":"JM Davis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003, 60: 553-564. 10.1001\/archpsyc.60.6.553.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.518","volume":"158","author":"M Chakos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B: Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2001, 158: 518-526. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.518.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1209","volume":"160","author":"S Leucht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leucht S, Barnes TR, Kissling W, Engel RR, Correll C, Kane JM: Relapse prevention in schizophrenia with new-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2003, 160: 1209-1222. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1209.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2693","volume":"290","author":"R Rosenheck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rosenheck R, Perlick D, Bingham S, Liu-Mares W, Collins J, Warren S, Leslie D, Allan E, Campbell EC, Caroff S, Corwin J, Davis L, Douyon R, Dunn L, Evans D, Frecska E, Grabowski J, Graeber D, Herz L, Kwon K, Lawson W, Mena F, Sheikh J, Smelson D, Smith-Gamble V, Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on the Cost-Effectiveness of Olanzapine: Effectiveness and cost of olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003, 290: 2693-2702. 10.1001\/jama.290.20.2693.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"137_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.1.85","volume":"56","author":"RA Rosenheck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rosenheck RA: Open forum: effectiveness versus efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics: haloperidol without anticholinergics as a comparator. Psychiatr Serv. 2005, 56: 85-92. 10.1176\/appi.ps.56.1.85.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"137_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051688","volume":"353","author":"JA Lieberman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK, Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators: Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 1209-1223. 10.1056\/NEJMoa051688.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"137_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007001","volume":"29","author":"AF Lehman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lehman AF, Fischer EP, Postrado L: The Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program Health Questionnaire (SCAP-HQ): an instrument to assess outcomes of schizophrenia care. Schizophr Bull. 2003, 29: 247-256.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"137_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000110283.89270.23","volume":"192","author":"DS Salkever","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salkever DS, Slade EP, Karakus M, Palmer L, Russo PA: Estimation of antipsychotic effects on hospitalization risk in a naturalistic study with selection on unobservable. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004, 192: 119-128.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"137_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007065","volume":"30","author":"JW Swanson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Elbogen EB: Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications in reducing violent behavior among persons with schizophrenia in community-based treatment. Schizophr Bull. 2004, 30: 3-20.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"137_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2832-3-11","volume":"3","author":"H Ascher-Svanum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries D, Ernst FR: A comparison of olanzapine and risperidone on the risk of psychiatric hospitalization in the naturalistic treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004, 3: 11-10.1186\/1475-2832-3-11. [http:\/\/www.general-hospital-psychiatry.com\/content\/3\/1\/11]","journal-title":"Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-5-26","volume":"5","author":"D Faries","year":"2005","unstructured":"Faries D, Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Correll C, Kane J: Antipsychotic monotherapy and polypharmacy in the naturalistic treatment of schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotics. BMC Psychiatry. 2005, 5: 26-10.1186\/1471-244X-5-26. [http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/1471-244X\/5\/26]","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR20","first-page":"147","volume":"36","author":"HA Huskamp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huskamp HA: Episodes of mental health and substance abuse treatment under a managed behavioral health care carve-out. Inquiry. 1999, 36: 147-161.","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"137_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2004.71272.x","volume":"7","author":"PJ Gibson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gibson PJ, Damler R, Jackson EA, Wilder T, Ramsey JL: The impact of olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol on the cost of schizophrenia care in a Medicaid population. Value Health. 2004, 7: 22-35. 10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2004.71272.x.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"Lilly Suppl","key":"137_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AS20","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199904001-00004","volume":"37","author":"TW Croghan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Croghan TW, Melfi CA, Dobrez DG, Kniesner TJ: Effect of mental health specialty care on antidepressant length of therapy. Med Care. 1999, 37 (Lilly Suppl): AS20-3. 10.1097\/00005650-199904001-00004.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"137_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"17","author":"RB D'Agostino","year":"1999","unstructured":"D'Agostino RB: Tutorial in biostatistics: Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med. 1999, 17: 2265-2281. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"137_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X38259","volume":"20","author":"B Zhu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu B, Tunis SL, Zhao Z, Baker RW, Lage MJ, Shi L, Tohen M: Service utilization and costs of olanzapine versus divalproex treatment for acute mania. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005, 20: 555-564. 10.1185\/030079905X38259.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"137_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n1007","volume":"63","author":"JP Lacro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Dolder CR, Leckband SG, Jeste DV: Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia: a comprehensive review of recent literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002, 63: 892-909.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/75.4.800","volume":"75","author":"Y Hochberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hochberg Y: A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika. 1988, 75: 800-802.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"137_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200208000-00002","volume":"40","author":"M Valenstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Valenstein M, Copeland LA, Blow FC, McCarthy JF, Zeber JE, Gillon L, Bingham CR, Stavenger T: Pharmacy data identify poorly adherent patients with schizophrenia at increased risk at admission. Med Care. 2002, 40: 630-639. 10.1097\/00005650-200208000-00002.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"137_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-3-21","volume":"3","author":"H Liu-Seifert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu-Seifert H, Adams DH, Kinon BJ: Discontinuation from schizophrenia treatment is driven by poor symptom response: a pooled post-hoc analysis of four atypical antipsychotics. BMC Medicine. 2005, 3: 21-10.1186\/1741-7015-3-21.","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"137_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.031","volume":"57","author":"E Dunayevich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dunayevich E, Zhao F, Ascher-Svanum H, Phillips G, Dellva MA, Green A: Longer time to all-cause antipsychotic discontinuation is associated with better schizophrenia treatment outcomes [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57: 107S-10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.031.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR30","first-page":"486","volume":"31","author":"J Haro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haro J, Novick D, Belger S, Tzivelekis S, Murray D, Texeira JM: Antipsychotic treatment discontinuation in the outpatients treatment for schizophrenia: 24-month results from the Pan European SOHO (Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes) Study [abstract]. Schizophr Bull. 2005, 31: 486-","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"137_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0305","volume":"65","author":"M Dossenbach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dossenbach M, Erol A, el Mahfoud Kessaci M, Shaheen MO, Sunbol MM, Boland J, Hodge A, O'Halloran RA, Bitter I, IC-SOHO Study Group: Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments for schizophrenia: interim 6-month analysis from a prospective observational study (IC-SOHO) comparing olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and haloperidol. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004, 65: 312-321.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0810","volume":"66","author":"M Dossenbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dossenbach M, Arango-D\u00e1vila C, Ibarra HS, Landa E, Gasca JA, Caro O, Leadbetter J, Assuncao S: Response and relapse in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine or haloperidol: 12-month follow-up of the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (IC-SOHO) study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 1021-30.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 17","key":"137_CR33","first-page":"3","volume":"64","author":"AB Jaffe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jaffe AB, Levine J: Efficacy and effectiveness of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003, 64 (Suppl 17): 3-6.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(03)00043-9","volume":"14","author":"GW Hugenholtz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hugenholtz GW, Heerdink ER, Nolen WA, Egberts AC: Less medication switching after initial start with atypical antipsychotics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004, 14: 1-5. 10.1016\/S0924-977X(03)00043-9.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"137_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100711","volume":"155","author":"K Wahlbeck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wahlbeck K, Tuunainen A, Ahokas A, Leucht S: Dropout rates in randomised antipsychotic drug trials. Psychopharmacol. 2001, 155: 230-233. 10.1007\/s002130100711.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"137_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13306-5","volume":"361","author":"S Leucht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leucht S, Wahlbeck K, Hamann J, Kissling W: New generation antipsychotics versus low potency conventional antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta analysis. Lancet. 2003, 361: 1581-1589. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13306-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"137_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006943","volume":"28","author":"KA Weiss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weiss KA, Smith TE, Hull JW, Piper AC, Huppert JD: Predictors of risk of nonadherence in outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2002, 28: 341-349.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"137_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01026-X","volume":"49","author":"GD Tollefson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tollefson GD, Birkett MA, Kiesler GM, Wood AJ, Lilly Resistant Schizophrenia Study Group: Double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus clozapine in schizophrenic patients clinically eligible for treatment with clozapine. Biol Psychiatry. 2001, 49: 52-63. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01026-X.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.033","volume":"28","author":"I Bitter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bitter I, Dossenbach MR, Brook S, Feldman PD, Metcalfe S, Gagiano CA, Furedi J, Bartko G, Janka Z, Banki CM, Kovacs G, Breier A, Olanzapine HGCK Study Group: Olanzapine versus clozapine in treatment-resistant or treatment-intolerant schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004, 28: 173-180. 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.033.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 13","key":"137_CR40","first-page":"S480","volume":"15","author":"J Tiihonen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K, Lonnqvist J, Kaukka T, Ioannidis JPA, Volavka J, Haukka J: Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in first episode schizophrenia [abstract]. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 15 (Suppl 13): S480-","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"137_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.021","volume":"57","author":"H Ascher-Svanum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ascher-Svanum H, Nyhuis A, Tunis S, Stevens M, Kinon BJ: Time to all-cause discontinuation following randomization to open-label olanzapine, risperidone, or conventional antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57: 44S-10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.021.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"137_CR42","first-page":"504","volume":"31","author":"VL Stauffer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stauffer VL, Beasley C, Liu-Seifert H, Rock SL, Mitchell CP, Dunayevich E, Davis JM, Breier A: Overall treatment effectiveness as measured by time continuing on antipsychotic therapy [abstract]. Schizophr Bull. 2005, 31: 504-","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"137_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200222110-00003","volume":"22","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Tunis SL, Lage M: Medication treatment patterns following initiation on olanzapine versus risperidone. Clin Drug Invest. 2002, 22: 741-749. 10.2165\/00044011-200222110-00003.","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"},{"key":"137_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200321100-00001","volume":"21","author":"KL Rascati","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rascati KL, Johnsrud MT, Crismon ML, Lage MJ, Barber BL: Olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a comparison of costs among Texas Medicaid patients. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003, 21: 683-697. 10.2165\/00019053-200321100-00001.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:36:36Z","timestamp":1630449396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-244X-6-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-6-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"8"}}