{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:58:41Z","timestamp":1780473521216,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It has been suggested that dopamine dysfunction may play a role in bipolar disorder (BD). An indirect approach to examine this issue was developed, focusing on associations between dopamine proxy measures observed in BD (dopamine-related clinical traits using tardive movement syndromes as dopamine proxy measure of reference).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>3459 eligible bipolar patients were enrolled in an observational study. Incidence rates of tardive movement syndromes (tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia; TDD) were examined. A priori hypothesized associations between incident TDD and other dopamine proxies (e.g. prolactin-related adverse effects, bipolar symptoms) were tested over a 2 year follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The incidence rate of tardive syndromes was 4.1 %. Incident TDD was independently associated not only with use of antipsychotics, but also with more severe bipolar symptoms, other extrapyramidal symptoms and prolactin-related adverse effects of medication.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Apart from the well-known association with antipsychotics, development of TDD was associated with various other dopamine proxy measures, indirectly supporting the notion of generalised dopamine dysregulation in BD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-9-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T06:30:14Z","timestamp":1240900214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Bipolar disorder and dopamine dysfunction: an indirect approach focusing on tardive movement syndromes in a naturalistic setting"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Inge","family":"van Rossum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diederik","family":"Tenback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0116","volume":"67","author":"PA Cavazzoni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cavazzoni PA, Berg PH, Kryzhanovskaya LA, Briggs SD, Roddy TE, Tohen M, Kane JM: Comparison of treatment-emergent extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with bipolar mania and schizophrenia during olanzapine clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006, 67: 107-113.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"564_CR2","first-page":"33","volume":"61","author":"PE Keck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keck PE, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, Soutullo CA: Antipsychotics in the treatment of mood disorders and risk of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000, 61 (suppl 4): 33-38.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"564_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01058.x","volume":"434","author":"M Berk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berk M, Dodd S, Kauer-Sant'anna M: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007, 434 (suppl): 41-49. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01058.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"564_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301044","volume":"31","author":"DE Tenback","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, van Os J, SOHO Study Group: Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia is associated with prolactin-related side effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006, 31: 1832-1837. 10.1038\/sj.npp.1301044.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"564_CR5","volume-title":"Stahl's essential psychopharmacology","author":"SM Stahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stahl SM: Stahl's essential psychopharmacology. 2008, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"564_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.05.003","volume":"48","author":"DE Tenback","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, van Os J, SOHO Study Group: Worsening of psychosis in schizophrenia is longitudinally associated with tardive dyskinesia in the European Schizophrenia Outpatients Health Outcomes study. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2007, 48: 436-440. 10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.05.003.","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"564_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90007-D","volume":"33","author":"DJ Diehl","year":"1992","unstructured":"Diehl DJ, Gershon S: The role of dopamine in mood disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 1992, 33 (2): 115-120. 10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90007-D.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"564_CR8","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","author":"BW Dunlop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunlop BW, Nemeroff CB: The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007, 327-337. 10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.327."},{"key":"564_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.8.1438","volume":"163","author":"DE Tenback","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, van Os J, SOHO Study Group: Evidence that early extrapyramidal symptoms predict later tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 2006, 163: 1438-1440. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.8.1438.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"564_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00325.x","volume":"9","author":"I Goetz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goetz I, Tohen M, Reed C, Lorenzo M, Vieta E, the EMBLEM Advisory Board: Functional impairment in patients with mania: Baseline results of the EMBLEM study. Bipolar Disord. 2007, 9 (1\u20132): 45-52. 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00325.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"564_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00692.x","volume":"113","author":"JM Haro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haro JM, Van Os J, Vieta E, Reed C, Lorenzo M, Goetz I, the EMBLEM Advisory Board: Evidence for Three Distinct Classes of 'Typical', 'Psychotic' and 'Dual' Mania: Results from the EMBLEM study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006, 113 (2): 112-120. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00692.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"564_CR12","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Schizophr Res","author":"PN Van Harten","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Matroos GE, Koeter M, Kahn R: Inter-relationships of tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dystonia: the Cura\u00e7ao extrapyramidal symdromes study II. Schizophr Res. 1996, 235-242."},{"key":"564_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1212","volume":"67","author":"PN Van Harten","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Matroos GE, Van Os J: Incidence of tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia in African Carribean patients on long-term antipsychotic treatment: the Curacao extrapyramidal syndromes study V. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006, 67: 1920-1927.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"564_CR14","first-page":"199","volume":"49","author":"RE Burke","year":"1988","unstructured":"Burke RE, Kang UJ: Tardive dystonia: clinical aspects and treatment. Adv Neurol. 1988, 49: 199-210.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"564_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03421.x","volume":"88","author":"P Sachdev","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sachdev P: Risk factors for tardive dystonia: a case-control comparison with tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993, 88 (2): 98-103. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03421.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"564_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.02.013","volume":"76","author":"G Chouinard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chouinard G, Margolese HC: Manual for the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). Schizophr Res. 2005, 76 (2\u20133): 247-265. 10.1016\/j.schres.2005.02.013.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"564_CR17","first-page":"534","volume-title":"Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)","author":"WA Guy","year":"1976","unstructured":"Guy WA: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). 1976, Washington, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington DC, 534-537."},{"key":"564_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00123-6","volume":"73","author":"MK Spearing","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spearing MK, Post RM, Leverich GS: Modification of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale for Use in Bipolar Illness (BP): the CGI-BP. Psychiatry Res. 1997, 73: 159-171. 10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00123-6.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"564_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00130-0","volume":"28","author":"H Knegtering","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knegtering H, Moolen van der AE, Castelein S, Kluiter H, Bosch van den RJ: What are the effects of antipsychotics on sexual dysfunctions and endocrine functioning?. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003, 28: 109-123. 10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00130-0.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"564_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.02.008","volume":"33","author":"H Knegtering","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knegtering H, Bosch van den R, Castelein S, Bruggeman R, Sytema S, van Os J: Are sexual side effects of prolactin-raising antipsychotics reducible to serum prolactin?. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008, 33: 711-717. 10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.02.008.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"564_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.414","volume":"161","author":"CU Correll","year":"2004","unstructured":"Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM: Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004, 161 (3): 414-425. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.414.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"564_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10153.x","volume":"96","author":"J Van Os","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Os J, Fahy T, Jones P, Harvey I, Toone B, Murray R: Tardive dyskinesia: who is at risk?. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997, 96 (3): 206-216. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10153.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"564_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07227.x","volume":"99","author":"J Van Os","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Os J, Walsh E, Van Horn E, Tattan T, Bale R, Thompson SG: Tardive dyskinesia in psychosis: are women really more at risk? UK700 Group. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999, 99 (4): 288-293. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07227.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"564_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199100610-00006","volume":"6","author":"N Hunt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hunt N, Silverstone T: Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder: a catchment study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991, 6: 45-50. 10.1097\/00004850-199100610-00006.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"564_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00160-1","volume":"35","author":"DE Casey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Casey DE: Tardive dyskinesia and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Schiz Res. 1999, 35: S61-66. 10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00160-1.","journal-title":"Schiz Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"564_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700005614","volume":"19","author":"JL Waddington","year":"1989","unstructured":"Waddington JL, Brown K, O'Neill J, McKeon P, Kinsella A: Cognitive impairment, clinical course and treatment history in out-patients with bipolar affective disorder: relationship to tardive dyskinesia. Psychol Med. 1989, 19 (4): 897-902.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"564_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010011","volume":"150","author":"MM Joffe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Joffe MM, Rosenbaum PR: Invited commentary: propensity scores. Am J Epidemiol. 1990, 150 (4): 327-333.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"564_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.03.011","volume":"57","author":"OH Klungel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klungel OH, Martens EP, Psaty BM, Grobbee DE, Sullivan SD, Stricker BH, Leufkens HG, de Boer A: Methods to assess intended effects of drug treatment in observational studies are reviewed. J Clin Epidemiology. 2004, 57: 1223-1231. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.03.011.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiology"},{"key":"564_CR29","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 10.0","author":"STATACORP","year":"2008","unstructured":"STATACORP: Stata Statistical Software: Release 10.0. 2008, TXS: Stata Corporation: College Station TX"},{"key":"564_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00096-8","volume":"19","author":"PN Van Harten","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van Harten PN, Martoos GE, Hoek HW, Kahn RS: The prevalence of tardive dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism and akathisia. Schiz Res. 1996, 19: 195-203. 10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00096-8.","journal-title":"Schiz Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"564_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033415","volume":"25","author":"PN Van Harten","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Harten PN, Kahn RS: Tardive dystonia. Schiz Bull. 1999, 25 (4): 741-748.","journal-title":"Schiz Bull"},{"key":"564_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x","volume":"114","author":"J Moncrieff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moncrieff J: Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse. Acta Psych Scand. 2006, 114: 3-13. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psych Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"564_CR33","first-page":"891","volume":"22","author":"G Chouinard","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chouinard G, Annable L, Ross-Chouinard A: Supersensitivity psychosis and tardive dyskinesia: a survey in schizophrenic outpatients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1986, 22 (3): 891-896.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"564_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230500464737","volume":"18","author":"H Nasrallah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nasrallah H: Focus on lower risk of tardive dyskinesia with atypical antipsychotics. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006, 18: 57-62. 10.1080\/10401230500464737.","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-16\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:40:44Z","timestamp":1630449644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-9-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"16"}}