{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:59:43Z","timestamp":1778666383361,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]],"date-time":"2009-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Substance use disorders have repeatedly been found to lead to premature death, i.e. drug-related death by disease, fatal intoxications, or trauma (accidents, suicide, undetermined suicide, and homicide). The present study examined the relationship between multi-drug substance use and natural and unnatural death.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All consecutive, autopsied patients who had been in contact with the Addiction Centre in Malm\u00f6 University Hospital from 1993 to 1997 inclusive were investigated. Drug abuse was investigated blindly in the case records and related to the cause of death in 387 subjects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Every substance apart from alcohol used previously in life added to the risk of unnatural death in a linear way. There were independent increased risks of fatal heroin overdoses or undetermined suicide. Death by suicide and violent death were unrelated to additional abuse.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The number of drugs used was related to an increased risk of unnatural death by undetermined suicide (mainly fatal intoxications) and heroin overdose.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-9-48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]],"date-time":"2009-08-05T06:14:37Z","timestamp":1249452877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Number of addictive substances used related to increased risk of unnatural death: A combined medico-legal and case-record study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Br\u00e5dvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"L\u00f6wenhielm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"596_CR1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Mortality Amongst Illicit Drug Users","author":"S Darke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Darke S: Mortality Amongst Illicit Drug Users. 2007, Cambridge University Press, UK, 81-95."},{"key":"596_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2007.37.3.264","volume":"37","author":"MM Silverman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silverman MM, Berman AL, Sanddal ND, O'carroll PW, Joiner TE: Rebuilding the tower of Babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors. Part 2: Suicide-related ideations, communications, and behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007, 37: 264-77. 10.1521\/suli.2007.37.3.264.","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"596_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948990270010101","volume":"27","author":"K Juel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Juel K, Helweg-Larsen K: Drug-related mortality in Denmark 1970\u201393. Scand J Publ Health. 1999, 27: 48-53. 10.1177\/14034948990270010101.","journal-title":"Scand J Publ Health"},{"key":"596_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04649.x","volume":"24","author":"H Sj\u00f6gren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6gren H, Eriksson A, Ahlm K: Role of alcohol in unnatural deaths: a study of all deaths in Sweden. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000, 24: 1050-1056. 10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04649.x.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"596_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.507","volume":"61","author":"H Sj\u00f6gren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6gren H, Eriksson A, Ahlm K: Alcohol and unnatural deaths in Sweden: a medico-legal autopsy study. J Stud Alcohol. 2000, 61: 507-514.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"596_CR6","first-page":"107","volume-title":"The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide","author":"GE Murphy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murphy GE: Psychiatric aspects of suicidal behaviour: Substance abuse. The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide. Edited by: Hawton K, van Heeringen K. 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 107-120."},{"key":"596_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.3.205","volume":"7","author":"EC Harris","year":"1997","unstructured":"Harris EC, Barraclough B: Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 1997, 7: 205-228. 10.1192\/bjp.170.3.205.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"596_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003","volume":"76","author":"HC Wilcox","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilcox HC, Conner KR, Caine ED: Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004, 76 (Suppl): S11-9. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"596_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)31070-5","volume":"5","author":"SM Smith","year":"1989","unstructured":"Smith SM, Goodman RA, Thacker SB, Burton AH, Parsons JE, Hudson P: Alcohol and fatal injuries: temporal patterns. Am J Prevent Med. 1989, 5: 296-302.","journal-title":"Am J Prevent Med"},{"key":"596_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01890-5","volume":"78","author":"M Ferrada-Noli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ferrada-Noli M, Ormstad K, Asberg M: Pathoanatomic findings and blood alcohol analysis at autopsy (BAC) in forensic diagnoses of undetermined suicide. A cross-cultural study. Forensic Sci Int. 1996, 78: 157-163. 10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01890-5.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR11","first-page":"240","volume":"88","author":"RG Large","year":"1978","unstructured":"Large RG: Self-poisoning in Auckland reconsidered. N Z Med J. 1978, 88: 240-243.","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"596_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200109000-00007","volume":"22","author":"DM Dhossche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dhossche DM, Rich CL, Isacsson G: Psychoactive substances in suicides. Comparison of toxicologic findings in two samples. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2001, 22: 239-243. 10.1097\/00000433-200109000-00007.","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"596_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200209000-00006","volume":"9","author":"RB Bruyndonckx","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bruyndonckx RB, Meulemans AI, Sabbe MB, Kumar AA, Delooz HH: Fatal intentional poisoning cases admitted to the University Hospitals of Leuven, Belgium from 1993 to 1996. Eur J Emerg Med. 2002, 9: 238-243. 10.1097\/00063110-200209000-00006.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"596_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00079.x","volume":"97","author":"M Gossop","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gossop M, Stewart D, Treacy S, Marsden J: A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment. Addiction. 2002, 97: 39-47. 10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00079.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.625","volume":"17","author":"R Shah","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shah R, Uren Z, Baker A, Majeed A: Trends in suicide from drug overdose in the elderly in England and Wales, 1993\u20131999. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002, 17: 416-421. 10.1002\/gps.625.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"596_CR16","first-page":"525","volume":"10","author":"A Carlsten","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carlsten A, Waern M, Ekedahl A, Ranstam J: Antidepressant medication and suicide in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiology. Drug Saf. 2001, 10: 525-30.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"596_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.09.004","volume":"160","author":"A Steentoft","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steentoft A, Teige B, Holmgren P, Vuori E, Kristinsson J, Hansen AC, Ceder G, Wethe G, Rollmann D: Fatal poisoning in Nordic drug addicts in 2002. Forensic Sci Int. 2006, 160: 148-56. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.09.004.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9422216.x","volume":"94","author":"GK Hulse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hulse GK, English DR, Milne E, Holman CD: The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction. 1999, 94: 221-229. 10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9422216.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10147.x","volume":"96","author":"A Fugelstad","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fugelstad A, Annell A, Rajs J, \u00c5gren G: Mortality and causes and manner of death among drug addicts in Stockholm during the period 1981\u20131992. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997, 96: 169-175. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10147.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"596_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96811276.x","volume":"96","author":"G Quaglio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Quaglio G, Talamini G, Lechi A, Venturini L, Lugoboni F, Mezzelani P: Study of 2708 heroin-related deaths in north-eastern Italy 1985\u201398 to establish the main causes of death. Addiction. 2001, 96: 1127-1137. 10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96811276.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"146 Suppl","key":"596_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.026","volume":"2","author":"MZ Karlovsek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karlovsek MZ: Illegal drugs-related fatalities in Slovenia. Forensic Sci Int. 2004, 2 (146 Suppl): S71-75. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.026.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01089.x","volume":"100","author":"MT Brugal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brugal MT, Domingo-Salvany A, Puig R, Barrio G, Garcia de Olalla P, de la Fuente L: Evaluating the impact of methadone maintenance programmes on mortality due to overdose and aids in a cohort of heroin users in Spain. Addiction. 2005, 100: 981-989. 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01089.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718400300204","volume":"3","author":"D Jacobsen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jacobsen D, Frederichsen PS, Knutsen KM, Sorum Y, Talseth T, Odegaard OR: Clinical course in acute self-poisonings: a prospective study of 1125 consecutively hospitalised adults. Hum Toxicol. 1984, 3: 107-116. 10.1177\/096032718400300204.","journal-title":"Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"596_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01244.x","volume":"70","author":"G Benson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Benson G, Holmberg MB: Drug-related mortality in young people. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1984, 70: 525-534. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01244.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"596_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.002","volume":"169","author":"AK J\u00f6nsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"J\u00f6nsson AK, Holmgren P, Druid H, Ahlner J: Cause of death and drug use pattern in deceased drug addicts in Sweden, 2002\u20132003. Forensic Sci Int. 2007, 169: 101-7. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.002.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00163-8","volume":"110","author":"I Nordrum","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nordrum I, Eide TJ, J\u00f6rgensen L: Alcohol in a series of medico-legally autopsied deaths in northern Norway 1973\u20131992. Forensic Sci Int. 2000, 110: 127-137. 10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00163-8.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199211000-00024","volume":"33","author":"R Rutledge","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rutledge R, Messick WJ: The association of trauma death and alcohol use in a rural state. J Trauma. 1992, 33: 737-742.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"596_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05221.x","volume":"17","author":"AL Klatsky","year":"1993","unstructured":"Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA: Alcohol use, other traits, and risk of unnatural death: a prospective study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993, 17: 1156-1162. 10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05221.x.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"596_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.031","volume":"151","author":"P Holmgren","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holmgren P, Holmgren A, Ahlner J: Alcohol and drugs in drivers fatally injured in traffic accidents in Sweden during the years 2000\u20132002. Forensic Sci Int. 2005, 151: 11-17. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.031.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00257.x","volume":"51","author":"R Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m R, Bylund PO, Eriksson A: Accidental deaths caused by electricity in Sweden, 1975\u20132000. J Forensic Sci. 2006, 51: 1383-1388. 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00257.x.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"147 Suppl","key":"596_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.083","volume":"17","author":"L Skibin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skibin L, Bilban M, Balazic J: Harmful alcohol use of those who died a violent death (the extended region of Ljubljana 1995\u20131999). Forensic Sci Int. 2005, 17 (147 Suppl): S49-52. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.083.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.08.023","volume":"153","author":"JY Cheng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cheng JY, Chan DT, Mok VK: An epidemiological study on alcohol\/drugs related fatal traffic crash cases of deceased drivers in Hong Kong between 1996 and 2000. Forensic Sci Int. 2005, 153: 196-201. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.08.023.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"596_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199601000-00014","volume":"17","author":"DJ Barillo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barillo DJ, Goode R: Substance abuse in victims of fire. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996, 17: 71-76. 10.1097\/00004630-199601000-00014.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"596_CR34","volume-title":"Svensk version av ICD9 (Swedish version of ICD9)","author":"Klassifikation av Sjukdomar 1987","year":"1987","unstructured":"Klassifikation av Sjukdomar 1987: Svensk version av ICD9 (Swedish version of ICD9). 1987, Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen"},{"key":"596_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb02289.x","volume":"91","author":"S Darke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Darke S, Ross J, Hall W: Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia I. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose. Addiction. 1996, 91: 405-411. 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb02289.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.402","volume":"313","author":"M Gossop","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Williamson S, Strang J: Frequency of non-fatal heroin overdose: survey of heroin users recruited in non-clinical settings. BMJ. 1996, 313: 402-","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"596_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961014438.x","volume":"96","author":"S Darke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Darke S, Ross J: The relationship between suicide and heroin overdose among methadone maintenance patients in Sydney, Australia. Addiction. 2001, 96: 1443-1453. 10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961014438.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03800.x","volume":"91","author":"S Darke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Darke S, Zador D: Fatal heroin 'overdose': a review. Addiction. 1996, 91: 1765-1772. 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03800.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02660.x","volume":"87","author":"M Gossop","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Strang J: Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines. British Journal of Addiction. 1992, 87: 1527-36. 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02660.x.","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"596_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg022","volume":"80","author":"S Darke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Darke S, Hall W: Heroin overdose: research and evidence-based intervention. Journal of Urban Health. 2003, 80: 189-200.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"596_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010278","volume":"151","author":"G Borges","year":"2000","unstructured":"Borges G, Walters EE, Kessler RC: Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behaviour. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 151: 781-9.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"596_CR42","first-page":"103","volume":"45","author":"A Marusic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marusic A, Roskar S, Zorko M: Undetermined deaths: are they suicides?. Croatian Medical Journal. 2004, 45: 103-104.","journal-title":"Croatian Medical Journal"},{"key":"596_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2005.011171","volume":"12","author":"AE Donaldson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Donaldson AE, Larsen GY, Fullerton-Gleason L, Olson LM: Classifying undetermined poisoning deaths. Inj Prev. 2006, 12: 338-343. 10.1136\/ip.2005.011171.","journal-title":"Inj Prev"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-48.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-48\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-48","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-48.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:28:14Z","timestamp":1630448894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-9-48","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"48"}}