{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:46:16Z","timestamp":1789847176814,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,9]],"date-time":"2010-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276041600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Sick-leave because of mental and behavioural disorders has increased considerably in Sweden since the late nineties, and especially in women. The aim of this study was to assess the level of burnout in the general working population in northern Sweden and analyse it's relation to working conditions and gender.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study the survey from the MONICA-study (Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) in northern Sweden 2004 was used. A burnout instrument, the Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ), was incorporated in the original survey which was sent to a random sample of 2500 individuals with a response rate of 76%. After including only actively working people, aged 25-64 years, our study population consisted of 1000 participants (497 women and 503 men). ANOVA and multiple linear regression models were used.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The prevalence of a high level of burnout (SMBQ &gt;4.0) was 13%. Women had a higher level of burnout than men with the most pronounced difference in the age group 35-44 years. In both sexes the level of burnout decreased with age. Demand and control at work, and job insecurity were related to burnout. In women the level of education, socioeconomic position, work object, and working varying hours were of importance. Interaction effects were found between sex and work object, and sex and working hours. In a multiple regression analysis almost half of the gender difference could be explained by work related and life situational factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Working life conditions contributed to the level of burnout in this actively working sample from the general population in northern Sweden. Especially in women, socioeconomic position was associated with burnout. The high level of burnout in women compared to men was partly explained by more unfavourable working conditions and life situational factors. Efforts to level out gender differences in burnout should probably focus on improving both working and socioeconomic conditions for women.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]],"date-time":"2012-06-28T16:23:57Z","timestamp":1340900637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Burnout, working conditions and gender - results from the northern Sweden MONICA Study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Norlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Reuterwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"H\u00f6\u00f6g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernt","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urban","family":"Janlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth Slunga","family":"Birgander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.3.327","volume":"132","author":"S Melamed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Melamed S, Shirom A, Toker S, Berliner S, Shapira I: Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence, possible casual paths, and promising research directions. Psychol Bull. 2006, 132: 327-53. 10.1037\/0033-2909.132.3.327.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2237_CR2","volume-title":"The burnout companion to study & practice - a critical analysis","author":"W Schaufeli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schaufeli W, Enzmann D: The burnout companion to study & practice - a critical analysis. 1998, London: Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"2237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.02.009","volume":"59","author":"G Grossi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grossi G, Perski A, Ekstedt M, Johansson T, Lindstr\u00f6m M, Holm K: The morning salivary cortisol response in burnout. J Psychosom Res. 2005, 59: 103-11. 10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.02.009.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.987","volume":"32","author":"M Ekstedt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ekstedt M, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m M, \u00c5kerstedt T, Nilsson J, S\u00f8ndergaard H-P, Perski A: Disturbed sleep and fatigue in occupational burnout. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006, 32: 121-31.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3200\/BMED.31.1.18-32","volume":"31","author":"S Toppinen-Tanner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Toppinen-Tanner S, Ojaj\u00e4rvi A, V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen A, Kalimo R, J\u00e4ppinen P: Burnout as a predictor of medically certified sick-leave absences and their diagnosed causes. Behav Med. 2005, 31: 18-27. 10.3200\/BMED.31.1.18-32.","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"key":"2237_CR6","unstructured":"The National Social Insurance Board: Social insurance in Sweden 2004 - women, men and sickness absence. [http:\/\/forsakringskassan.se]"},{"key":"2237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440108405530","volume":"16","author":"C Maslach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maslach C: What have we learned about burnout and health?. Psychol Health. 2001, 16: 607-11. 10.1080\/08870440108405530.","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"2237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1301_7","volume":"13","author":"KM Lindblom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindblom KM, Linton SJ, Fedeli C, Bryngelsson I-L: Burnout in the working population: relations to psychosocial work factors. Int J Behav Med. 2006, 13: 51-69. 10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1301_7.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"2237_CR9","first-page":"261","volume":"24","author":"A H\u00e4renstam","year":"2005","unstructured":"H\u00e4renstam A, MOA Research Group: Different development trends in working life and increasing occupational stress require new work environment strategies. Work. 2005, 24: 261-77.","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"6, special","key":"2237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1048","volume":"32","author":"MAJ Kompier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kompier MAJ: New systems of work organization and workers' health. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006, 32 (6, special): 421-30.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"6, special","key":"2237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1050","volume":"32","author":"S Stansfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stansfeld S, Candy B: Psychosocial work environment and mental health - a meta-analytic review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006, 32 (6, special): 443-62.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04580.x","volume":"62","author":"U Peterson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peterson U, Demerouti E, Bergstr\u00f6m G, Samuelsson M, \u00c5sberg M, Nygren \u00c5: Burnout and physical and mental health among Swedish healthcare workers. J Adv Nurs. 2008, 62: 84-95. 10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04580.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.03.004","volume":"104","author":"K Ahola","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahola K, Hakanen J: Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: a prospective study among dentists. J Affect Disord. 2007, 104: 103-10. 10.1016\/j.jad.2007.03.004.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01361.x","volume":"31","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bakker AB, Killmer CH, Siegrist J, Schaufeli WB: Effort-reward imbalance and burnout among nurses. J Adv Nurs. 2000, 31: 884-91. 10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01361.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-3-9","volume":"3","author":"B Lau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lau B: Effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment in employees in a Norwegian municipality: a cross sectional study. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2008, 3: 9-10.1186\/1745-6673-3-9.","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"key":"2237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x","volume":"60","author":"D Jackson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jackson D, Firtko A, Edenborough M: Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: a literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2007, 60: 1-9. 10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00584.x","volume":"48","author":"UE Hallberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hallberg UE, Johansson G, Schaufeli WB: Type A behavior and work situation: associations with burnout and work engagement. Scand J Psychol. 2007, 48: 135-42. 10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00584.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"2237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0011-5","volume":"41","author":"K Ahola","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahola K, Honkonen T, Isomets\u00e4 E, Kalimo R, Nykyri E, Koskinen S, Aromaa A, L\u00f6nnqvist J: Burnout in the general population - Results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2006, 41: 11-7. 10.1007\/s00127-005-0011-5.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-007-0170-3","volume":"10","author":"JJF Soares","year":"2007","unstructured":"Soares JJF, Grossi G, Sundin \u00d6: Burnout among women: associations with demographic\/socio-economic, work, life-style and health factors. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2007, 10: 61-71. 10.1007\/s00737-007-0170-3.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494808090164","volume":"36","author":"LL Magnusson Hanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magnusson Hanson LL, Theorell T, Oxenstierna G, Hyde M, Westerlund H: Demand, control and social climate as predictors of emotional exhaustion symptoms in working Swedish men and women. Scand J Public Health. 2008, 36 (7): 737-43. 10.1177\/1403494808090164.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.M8002","volume":"50","author":"K Ahola","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahola K, Honkonen T, Virtanen M, Aromaa A, Lonnqvist J: Burnout in relation to age in the adult working population. J Occup Health. 2008, 50: 362-5. 10.1539\/joh.M8002.","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 61","key":"2237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950310001441","volume":"31","author":"B Stegmayr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stegmayr B, Lundberg V, Asplund K: The events registration and survey procedures in the Northern Sweden MONICA project. Scand J Public Health. 2003, 31 (Suppl 61): 9-17. 10.1080\/14034950310001441.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00007-0","volume":"46","author":"S Melamed","year":"1999","unstructured":"Melamed S, Ugarten U, Shirom A, Kahana L, Lerman Y, Froom P: Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels. J Psychosom Res. 1999, 46: 591-8. 10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00007-0.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00633-5","volume":"55","author":"G Grossi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grossi G, Perski A, Eveng\u00e5rd B, Blomkvist V, Orth-Gom\u00e9r K: Physiological correlates of burnout among women. J Psychosom Res. 2003, 55: 309-16. 10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00633-5.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2237_CR25","volume-title":"National institute for working life","author":"A H\u00e4renstam","year":"2004","unstructured":"H\u00e4renstam A, Rydbeck A, Karlkvist M, Waldenstr\u00f6m K, Wiklund P, MOA Research Group: The significance of organisation for healthy work: methods, study design, analysing strategies and empirical results from the MOA-study. National institute for working life. 2004, 13: [http:\/\/www.sub.su.se]"},{"key":"2237_CR26","volume-title":"Healthy work: stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life","author":"R Karasek","year":"1990","unstructured":"Karasek R, Theorell T: Healthy work: stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. 1990, New York: Basic Books"},{"key":"2237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170005501X","volume":"10","author":"S Henderson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Henderson S, Duncan-Jones P, Byrne DG, Scott R: Measuring social relationships - The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. Psychological Medicine. 1980, 10: 723-34. 10.1017\/S003329170005501X.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"2237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90240-2","volume":"29","author":"A-L Und\u00e9n","year":"1989","unstructured":"Und\u00e9n A-L, Orth Gom\u00e9r K: Development of a social support instrument for use in population surveys. Social Science and Medicine. 1989, 29: 1387-92. 10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90240-2.","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"2237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003903","volume":"35","author":"TS Brugha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brugha TS, Weich S, Singleton N, Lewis G, Bebbington PE, Jenkins R, Meltzer H: Primary group size, social support, gender and future mental health status in a prospective study of people living in private households throughout Great Britain. Psychol Med. 2005, 35: 705-14. 10.1017\/S0033291704003903.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.97.7.955-961","volume":"97","author":"TW Taris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taris TW, Stoffelsen J, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, van Dierendonck D: Job control and burnout across occupations. Psychol Rep. 2005, 97: 955-61. 10.2466\/PR0.97.7.955-961.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"2237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.1.84","volume":"7","author":"C Baruch-Feldman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baruch-Feldman C, Brondolo E, Ben-Dayan D, Schwartz J: Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity. J Occup Health Psychol. 2002, 7: 84-93. 10.1037\/1076-8998.7.1.84.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"2237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2307\/2137276","volume":"35","author":"RJ Turner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Turner RJ, Marino F: Social support and social structure: a descriptive epidemiology. J Health Soc Behav. 1994, 35: 193-212. 10.2307\/2137276.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","volume":"52","author":"C Maslach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP: Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001, 52: 397-422. 10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2237_CR34","unstructured":"Swedish Social Insurance Agency: Social insurance in Sweden 2006 - Transition to adulthood. [http:\/\/forsakringskassan.se]"},{"key":"2237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0369-6","volume":"75","author":"P Schnorpfeil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schnorpfeil P, Noll A, Wirtz P, Schulze R, Ehlert U, Frey K, Fischer JE: Assessment of exhaustion and related risk factors in employees in the manufacturing industry--a cross-sectional study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2002, 75: 535-40. 10.1007\/s00420-002-0369-6.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2237_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264158245-en","volume-title":"Transforming disability into ability: policies to promote work and income security for disabled people","author":"OECD","year":"2003","unstructured":"OECD: Transforming disability into ability: policies to promote work and income security for disabled people. 2003, Paris: OECD Publishing"},{"key":"2237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.038935","volume":"66","author":"K Ahola","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahola K, Gould R, Virtanen M, Honkonen T, Aromaa A, Lonnqvist J: Occupational burnout as a predictor of disability pension: a population-based cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 2009, 66: 284-90. 10.1136\/oem.2008.038935.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.071407","volume":"63","author":"S Laine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laine S, Gimeno D, Virtanen M, Oksanen T, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, Koskinen A, Pentti J, Kivim\u00e4ki M: Job strain as a predictor of disability pension: the Finnish Public Sector Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009, 63: 24-30. 10.1136\/jech.2007.071407.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T06:31:55Z","timestamp":1630477915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"326"}}