{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:48:48Z","timestamp":1765885728995},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]],"date-time":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288742400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Primary care is an important provider of sexual health care in England. We sought to explore the extent of testing for chlamydia and HIV in general practice and its relation to associated measures of sexual health in two contrasting geographical settings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We analysed chlamydia and HIV testing data from 64 general practices and one genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic in Brent (from mid-2003 to mid-2006) and 143 general practices and two GUM clinics in Avon (2004). We examined associations between practice testing status, practice characteristics and hypothesised markers of population need (area level teenage conception rates and Index of Multiple Deprivation, IMD scores).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>No HIV or chlamydia testing was done in 19% (12\/64) of general practices in Brent, compared to 2.1% (3\/143) in Avon. In Brent, the mean age of general practitioners (GPs) in Brent practices that tested for chlamydia or HIV was lower than in those that had not conducted testing. Practices where no HIV testing was done had slightly higher local teenage conception rates (median 23.5 vs. 17.4\/1000 women aged 15-44, p = 0.07) and served more deprived areas (median IMD score 27.1 vs. 21.8, p = 0.05). Mean yearly chlamydia and HIV testing rates, in practices that did test were 33.2 and 0.6 (per 1000 patients aged 15-44 years) in Brent, and 34.1 and 10.3 in Avon, respectively. In Brent practices only 20% of chlamydia tests were conducted in patients aged under 25 years, compared with 39% in Avon.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There are substantial geographical differences in the intensity of chlamydia and HIV testing in general practice. Interventions to facilitate sexually transmitted infection and HIV testing in general practice are needed to improve access to effective sexual health care. The use of routinely-collected laboratory, practice-level and demographic data for monitoring sexual health service provision and informing service planning should be more widely evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]],"date-time":"2010-11-03T19:29:07Z","timestamp":1288812547000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Testing for sexually transmitted infections in general practice: cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Katharine E","family":"Sadler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine H","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorna J","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Amir","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuja","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary M","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackie A","family":"Cassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2578_CR1","volume-title":"The national strategy for sexual health and HIV","author":"Department of Health","year":"2001","unstructured":"Department of Health: The national strategy for sexual health and HIV. 2001, London, Department of Health"},{"key":"2578_CR2","volume-title":"Choosing Health: making healthier choices easier. Gateway ref 4135","author":"Department of Health","year":"2004","unstructured":"Department of Health: Choosing Health: making healthier choices easier. Gateway ref 4135. 2004, London, Department of Health, CM 6374"},{"key":"2578_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.024554","volume":"83","author":"CH Mercer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mercer CH, Sutcliffe L, Johnson AM, White PJ, Brook G, Ross JDC, et al: How much do delayed healthcare seeking, delayed care provision, and diversion from primary care contribute to the transmission of STIs?. Sex Transm Infect. 2007, 83: 400-405. 10.1136\/sti.2006.024554.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2578_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.1.16","volume":"79","author":"JM Pimenta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pimenta JM, Catchpole M, Rogers PA, Perkins E, Jackson N, Carlisle C, et al: Opportunistic screening for genital chlamydial infection. I: acceptability of urine testing in primary and secondary healthcare settings. Sex Transm Infect. 2003, 79: 16-21. 10.1136\/sti.79.1.16.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2578_CR5","volume-title":"Health Technology Assessment","author":"N Low","year":"2007","unstructured":"Low N, McCarthy A, Macleod J, Salisbury C, Campbell R, Roberts TE, et al: Epidemiological, social, diagnostic and economic evaluation of population screening for genital chlamydial infection. Health Technology Assessment. 2007, 11:"},{"key":"2578_CR6","first-page":"77","volume-title":"AIDS","author":"CA McGarrigle","year":"2005","unstructured":"McGarrigle CA, Mercer CH, Fenton KA, Copas AJ, Wellings K, Erens B, et al: Investigating the relationship between HIV testing and risk behaviour in Britain: National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles 2000. AIDS. 2005, 77-84. 10.1097\/00002030-200501030-00009."},{"key":"2578_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38398.590602.E0","volume":"330","author":"AK Sullivan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sullivan AK, Curtis H, Sabin CA, Johnson MA: Newly diagnosed HIV infections: review in UK and Ireland. BMJ. 2005, 330: 1301-1302. 10.1136\/bmj.38398.590602.E0.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2578_CR8","volume-title":"Improving the detection and diagnosis of HIV on non-HIV specialities including primary care","author":"Chief Medical Officer Letter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chief Medical Officer Letter: Improving the detection and diagnosis of HIV on non-HIV specialities including primary care. 2007, London, Department of Health, 13th Sept 2007 Gateway reference no: 8519"},{"key":"2578_CR9","unstructured":"British Assocation for HIV, British Association for Sexual Health and HIV British Infection Society: 2008, UK National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008"},{"key":"2578_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.3.234","volume":"79","author":"O Kufeji","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kufeji O, Slack R, Cassell JA, Pugh S, Hayward A: Who is being tested for genital chlamydia in primary care?. Sex Transm Infect. 2003, 79: 234-6. 10.1136\/sti.79.3.234.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2578_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.023440","volume":"83","author":"W Slater","year":"2007","unstructured":"Slater W, Sadler K, Cassell JA, Horner P, Low N: What can be gained from comprehensive disaggregate surveillance? The Avon Surveillance System for Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sex Transm Infect. 2007, 83: 411-415. 10.1136\/sti.2006.023440.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2578_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.05.025","volume":"120","author":"JA Cassell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cassell JA, Mercer CH, Fenton KA, Copas AJ, Erens B, Wellings K, et al: A comparison of the population diagnosed with chlamydia in primary care with that diagnosed in sexual health clinics: Implications for a national screening programme. Public Health. 2006, 120: 984-8. 10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.05.025.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2578_CR13","unstructured":"Chlamydia Operations Group on behalf of the National Chlamydia Screening Group: 2006, New Frontiers. Annual Report of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme in England 2005\/6"},{"key":"2578_CR14","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics: KS06 Ethnic Group: Census 2001, Key statistics for Local Authorities. Accessed 01.09.2010, [http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.uk\/StatBase\/Expodata\/Spreadsheets\/D6561.xls]"},{"key":"2578_CR15","volume-title":"Diagnosed HIV prevalence by Strategic Health Authority (SHA) and Primary Care Trust (PCT) in England, 2007","author":"Health Protection Agency","year":"2008","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency: Diagnosed HIV prevalence by Strategic Health Authority (SHA) and Primary Care Trust (PCT) in England, 2007. 2008, Health Protection Agency London, Health Protection Agency"},{"key":"2578_CR16","volume-title":"Testing Times. HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United Kingdom:2007","author":"The UK Collaborative Group for HIV and STI Surveillance","year":"2007","unstructured":"The UK Collaborative Group for HIV and STI Surveillance: Testing Times. HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United Kingdom:2007. 2007, London, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections"},{"key":"2578_CR17","volume-title":"Chlamydia screens by programme area","author":"National Chlamydia Screening Programme Office HPA","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Chlamydia Screening Programme Office HPA: Chlamydia screens by programme area. 2009"},{"key":"2578_CR18","unstructured":"National Primary Care Database: GMS 2004 Practice Data. Accessed 02.09.2010, [http:\/\/www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk\/research\/facilities\/npcrdc]"},{"key":"2578_CR19","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics: About National Statistics and ONS. Super Output Areas (SOAs). Accessed 01.09.2010, [http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.uk\/geography\/soa.asp]"},{"key":"2578_CR20","unstructured":"National Primary Care Database. Indices of Deprivation 2004 at Super Output Area lower layer: Accessed 02.09.2010, [http:\/\/www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk\/research\/facilities\/npcrdc]"},{"key":"2578_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.006957","volume":"80","author":"VJ Johnston","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnston VJ, Britt H, Pan Y, Mindel A: The management of sexually transmitted infections by Australian general practitioners. Sex Transm Infect. 2004, 80: 212-5. 10.1136\/sti.2003.006957.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2578_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06886-6","volume":"358","author":"KA Fenton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fenton KA, Korovessis C, Johnson AM, McCadden A, McManus S, Wellings K, et al: Sexual behaviour in Britain: reported sexually transmitted infections and prevalent genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Lancet. 2001, 358: 1851-1854. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06886-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2578_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.022673","volume":"83","author":"G Hughes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hughes G, Williams T, Simms I, Mercer C, Fenton K, Cassell J: Use of a primary care database to determine trends in genital chlamydia testing, diagnostic episodes and management in UK general practice, 1990 2004. Sex Transm Infect. 2007, 83: 310-313. 10.1136\/sti.2006.022673.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T12:48:56Z","timestamp":1630500536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"667"}}