{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:10:28Z","timestamp":1788891028062,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,24]],"date-time":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1266969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,24]],"date-time":"2010-02-24T19:15:52Z","timestamp":1267038952000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Drug problems among homeless individuals in Toronto, Canada: prevalence, drugs of choice, and relation to health status"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michelle N","family":"Grinman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A","family":"Redelmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Levinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tolomiczenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"2005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.16.2152","volume":"283","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hwang SW: Mortality among men using homeless shelters in Toronto, Ontario. JAMA. 2000, 283 (16): 2152-7. 10.1001\/jama.283.16.2152.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1 supplement 1","key":"2005_CR2","first-page":"S135","volume":"117","author":"S Galea","year":"2002","unstructured":"Galea S, Vlahov D: Social determinants and health of drug users: Socioeconomic status, homelessness and incarceration. Public Health Reports. 2002, 117 (1 supplement 1): S135-145.","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"2005_CR3","first-page":"455","volume":"12","author":"JB Vangeest","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vangeest JB, Johnson TP: Substance Abuse and Homelessness: Direct or Indirect Effects? Substance abuse and homelessness. AEP. 2002, 12 (7): 455-46.","journal-title":"AEP"},{"key":"2005_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chyvette TW, Latkin CA: Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Status, Personal Network Attributes, and Use of Heroin and Cocaine. Am J Prev Med. 2007, 32 (6S):","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.006"},{"issue":"6","key":"2005_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050406","volume":"173","author":"M Little","year":"2005","unstructured":"Little M, Shah R, Vermeulen MJ, Gorman A, Dzendoletas D, Ray JG: Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with homelessness and substance use in pregnancy. CMAJ. 2005, 173 (6): 615-8.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2005_CR6","unstructured":"Drug Trends and the CCENDU network: 2002 National Report. Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (CCENDU). Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. accessed 2008 July 16, [ http:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents\/CCENDU-National-2002-e.pdf ]"},{"key":"2005_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang SW, Colantonio A, Chiu S, Tolomiczenko G, Kiss A, Cowan L, Redelmeier D, Levinson W: The effect of traumatic brain injury on the health of homeless people. CMAJ. 2008, 179 (8):","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080341"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2005_CR8","first-page":"ii46","volume":"82","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hwang SW, Chiu S, Kiss A, Katic M, Tolomiczenko G, Levinson W, Redelmeier D, Szalai JP, Cowan L: Use of meal programs and shelters by homeless people in Toronto [abstract]. J Urban Health. 2005, 82 (Suppl 2): ii46-","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"2005_CR9","volume-title":"Ethnic Diversity Survey Questionnaire","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Statistics Canada: Ethnic Diversity Survey Questionnaire. 2002, (accessed 2007 Sept 11), [ http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/ ]"},{"key":"2005_CR10","unstructured":"McGahan PL, Griffith JA, Parente R, McLellan AT: Addiction Severity Index: Composite Scores Manual. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania\/Veterans Administration Centre for Studies of Addiction, (accessed 2007 Sept 4), [ http:\/\/www.tresearch.org\/resources\/compscores\/CompositeManual.pdf ]"},{"key":"2005_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","volume":"9","author":"AT McLellan","year":"1992","unstructured":"McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, Pettinati H, Argerious M: The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992, 9: 199-213. 10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2005_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(94)90005-1","volume":"11","author":"DA Zanis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zanis DA, McLellan AT, Canaan RA, Randall M: Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index with a homeless sample. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1994, 11: 541-8. 10.1016\/0740-5472(94)90005-1.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2005_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089609045836","volume":"31","author":"LM Joyner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Joyner LM, Wright JD, Devine JA: Reliability and validity of the addiction severity index among homeless substance misusers. Subst Use Misuse. 1996, 31: 729-51. 10.3109\/10826089609045836.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2005_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1995.56.161","volume":"56","author":"RE Drake","year":"1995","unstructured":"Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Biesanz JC: The test-retest reliability of standardized instruments among homeless persons with substance use disorders. J Stud Alcohol. 1995, 56: 161-7.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2005_CR15","volume-title":"Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve. Findings of the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients","author":"MR Burt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Burt MR, Aron LY, Douglas T: Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve. Findings of the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients. 1999, Washington: United States Interagency Council on the Homelessness"},{"key":"2005_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00046","volume":"37","author":"CO Larson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Larson CO: Use of the SF-12 Instrument for Measuring the Health of Homeless Persons. Health Services Research. 2002, 37: 733-49. 10.1111\/1475-6773.00046.","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"2005_CR17","volume-title":"SF-12: How to Score the SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales","author":"JE Ware","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD: SF-12: How to Score the SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales. 1995, Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"2005_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00224-7","volume":"68","author":"W Vega","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vega W, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Andrade L, Bijl R, Borges G, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, DeWit DJ, Heeringa SG, Kessler RC, Kolody B, Merikangas KR, Molnar BE, Walters EE, Warner LA, Wittchen HU: Prevalence and age of onset for drug use in seven international sites: results from the international consortium of psychiatric epidemiology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002, 68: 285-297. 10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00224-7.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2005_CR19","volume-title":"Toronto Drug Strategy Advisory Committee Report","author":"The Toronto Drug Strategy - Appendix E","year":"2005","unstructured":"The Toronto Drug Strategy - Appendix E: Substance use in Toronto: Issues, Impacts and Interventions. Toronto Drug Strategy Advisory Committee Report. 2005"},{"key":"2005_CR20","unstructured":"Canadian Addiction Survey. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. 2006, Accessed 2008 Dec 20, [ http:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/Eng\/Priorities\/Research\/CanadianAddiction\/Pages\/default.aspx ]"},{"issue":"4","key":"2005_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.4.465","volume":"60","author":"KH Shelton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shelton KH, Taylor PJ, Bonner A: Risk factors for homelessness: evidence from a population-based study. Psychiatric Services. 2009, 60 (4): 465-72. 10.1176\/appi.ps.60.4.465.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"10","key":"2005_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.063321","volume":"95","author":"CL Caton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caton CL, Dominguez B, Schanzer B, Hasin DS, Shrout PE, Felix A, McQuistion H, Opler LA, Hsu E: Risk factors for long-term homelessness: findings from a longitudinal study of first-time homeless single adults. Am J Public Health. 2005, 95 (10): 1753-9. 10.2105\/AJPH.2005.063321.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2005_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1334","volume":"89","author":"JC Phelan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG: Who are \"the homeless\"? Reconsidering the stability and composition of the homeless population. Am J Public Health. 1999, 89 (9): 1334-8. 10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1334.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2005_CR24","volume-title":"Toronto","author":"E Khandor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khandor E, Mason K, Cowan L, Hwang SW: Street Health Report. Toronto. 2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"2005_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00565.x","volume":"87","author":"S Kertesz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kertesz S, Crouch K, Milby JB, Cusimano RE, Schumacher JE: Housing First for Homeless Persons with Active Addiction: Are We Overreaching?. Milbank Q. 2009, 87 (2): 495-534. 10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00565.x.","journal-title":"Milbank Q"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T11:11:24Z","timestamp":1558869084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,24]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-94","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,24]]},"article-number":"94"}}