{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:30:48Z","timestamp":1767652248749},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]],"date-time":"2012-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348790400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is not much information on the differences in clinical, epidemiological and spatial characteristics of diarrhea due to <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> from non-coastal areas. We investigated the differences in clinical, epidemiological and spatial characteristics of the two <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> species in the urban slums of Kolkata, India.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The data of a cluster randomized cholera vaccine trial were used. We restricted the analysis to clusters assigned to placebo. Survival analysis of the time to the first episode was used to analyze risk factors for <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea or cholera. A spatial scan test was used to identify high risk areas for cholera and for <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In total, 54,519 people from the placebo clusters were assembled. The incidence of cholera (1.30\/1000\/year) was significantly higher than that of <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea (0.63\/1000\/year). Cholera incidence was inversely related to age, whereas the risk of <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea was age-independent. The seasonality of diarrhea due to the two <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> species was similar. Cholera was distinguished by a higher frequency of severe dehydration, and <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea was by abdominal pain. Hindus and those who live in household not using boiled or treated water were more likely to have <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea. Young age, low socioeconomic status, and living closer to a project healthcare facility were associated with an increased risk for cholera. The high risk area for cholera differed from the high risk area for <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We report coexistence of the two vibrios in the slums of Kolkata. The two etiologies of diarrhea had a similar seasonality but had distinguishing clinical features. The risk factors and the high risk areas for the two diseases differ from one another suggesting different modes of transmission of these two pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T14:06:49Z","timestamp":1349014009000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clinical, epidemiological, and spatial characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea and cholera in the urban slums of Kolkata, India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Suman","family":"Kanungo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dipika","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Ae","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debottam","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byomkesh","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swapan K","family":"Niyogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Banwarilal","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujit K","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G Balakrish","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4637_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01568.x","volume":"39","author":"GM Tantillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tantillo GM, Fontanarosa M, Di Pinto A, Musti M: Updated perspectives on emerging vibrios associated with human infections. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004, 39: 117-126. 10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01568.x.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4637_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.12.3150-3155.1997","volume":"35","author":"J Okuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Okuda J, Ishibashi M, Hayakawa E, Nishino T, Takeda Y, Mukhopadhyay AK, Garg S, Bhattacharya SK, Nair GB, Nishibuchi M: Emergence of a unique O3:K6 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta, India, and isolation of strains from the same clonal group from Southeast Asian travelers arriving in Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 1997, 35 (12): 3150-3155.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4637_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00025-06","volume":"20","author":"GB Nair","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Bhattacharya SK, Dutta B, Takeda Y, Sack DA: Global dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 and its serovariants. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007, 20 (1): 39-48. 10.1128\/CMR.00025-06.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4637_CR4","first-page":"299","volume":"4","author":"T Fujino","year":"1953","unstructured":"Fujino T, Okuno Y, Nakada D, Aoyama A, Fukai K, Mukai T, Uebo T: On the bacteriological examination of Shirasu food poisoning. Med J Osaka Univ. 1953, 4: 299-304.","journal-title":"Med J Osaka Univ"},{"key":"4637_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199304000-00006","volume":"4","author":"T Honda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Honda T, Iida T: The pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the role of the thermostable direct haemolysin and related haemolysins. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 1993, 4: 106-113. 10.1097\/00013542-199304000-00006.","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Microbiol"},{"key":"4637_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1086\/315459","volume":"181","author":"NA Daniels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Daniels NA, MacKinnon L, Bishop R, Altekruse S, Ray B, Hammond RM, Thompson S, Wilson S, Bean NH, Griffin PM, Slutsker L: Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in the United States, 1973\u20131998. J Infect Dis. 2000, 181: 1661-1666. 10.1086\/315459.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4637_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040336","volume":"4","author":"IM Longini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Longini IM, Azhar N, Ali M, Yunus M, Shenvi N, Clemens J: Controlling endemic cholera with oral vaccine. PLoS Med. 2007, 4 (11): e336-10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040336.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4637_CR8","first-page":"865","volume":"78","author":"RG Feachem","year":"1981","unstructured":"Feachem RG: Environmental aspects of cholera epidemiology. II. Occurrences and survival of Vibrio cholerae in the environment. Trop Dis Bull. 1981, 78: 865-880.","journal-title":"Trop Dis Bull"},{"key":"4637_CR9","first-page":"60","volume":"3","author":"A Huq","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huq A, Colwell RR: Vibrios in the marine and estuarine environments. J Mar Biotechnol. 1995, 3: 60-63.","journal-title":"J Mar Biotechnol"},{"key":"4637_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.071316","volume":"90","author":"D Sur","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sur D, Deen JL, Manna B, Niyogi SK, Deb AK, Kanungo S, Sarkar BL, Kim DR, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Holliday K, Gupta VK, Ali M, von Seidlein L, Clemens JD, Bhattacharya SK: The burden of cholera in the slums of Kolkata, India: data from a prospective, community based study. Arch Dis Child. 2005, 90: 1175-1181. 10.1136\/adc.2004.071316.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4637_CR11","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Calcutta: The human face of poverty","author":"FC Thomas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thomas FC: Calcutta: The human face of poverty. 1997, London: Penguin Books Ltd, 3-166."},{"key":"4637_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61297-6","volume":"374","author":"D Sur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sur D, Lopez AL, Kanungo S, Paisley A, Manna B, Ali M, Niyogi SK, Park JK, Sarkar BL, Puri MK, Kim DR, Deen J, Holmgren J, Carbis R, Rao R, Van NT, Donner A, Ganguli NK, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK, Clemens JD: Efficacy and safety of a modified killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in India: an interim analysis of a cluster-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009, 374: 1694-1702. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61297-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4637_CR13","volume-title":"Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera","author":"C Bopp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bopp C, Ries A, Wells J: Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera. 1999, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"4637_CR14","volume-title":"The treatment of diarrhea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers, 4th revision","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization: The treatment of diarrhea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers, 4th revision. 2005, Geneva: WHO"},{"key":"4637_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009247","volume":"146","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kulldorff M, Feuer EJ, Miller BA, Freedman LS: Breast cancer clusters in the northeast United States: a geographic analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 146: 161-170. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009247.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4637_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1377","volume":"88","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kulldorff M, Athas WF, Feurer EJ, Miller BA, Key CR: Evaluating cluster alarms: a space-time scan statistic and brain cancer in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 1377-1380. 10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1377.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4637_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960415)15:7\/9<707::AID-SIM242>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"15","author":"U Hjalmars","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hjalmars U, Kulldorff M, Gustafsson G, Nagarwalla N: Childhood leukaemia in Sweden: using GIS and a spatial scan statistic for cluster detection. Stat Med. 1996, 15: 707-715. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960415)15:7\/9<707::AID-SIM242>3.0.CO;2-4.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"4637_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-4-21","volume":"4","author":"P Gosselin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gosselin P, Lebel G, Rivest S, Douville-Fradet M: The integrated system for public health monitoring of West Nile virus (ISPHM-WNV): a real-time GIS for surveillance and decision-making. Int J Health Geogr. 2005, 4: 21-10.1186\/1476-072X-4-21.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"4637_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-17","volume":"3","author":"TJ Sheehan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheehan TJ, DeChello LM, Kulldorff M, Gregorio DI, Gershman S, Mroszczyk M: The geographic distribution of breast cancer incidence in Massachusetts 1988 to 1997, adjusted for covariates. Int J Health Geogr. 2004, 3: 17-10.1186\/1476-072X-3-17.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"4637_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020794","volume":"9","author":"F Mostashari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mostashari F, Kulldorff M, Hartman JJ, Miller JR, Kulasekera V: Dead bird clusters as an early warning system for West Nile virus activity. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003, 9: 641-646. 10.3201\/eid0906.020794.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4637_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","volume":"73","author":"K Liang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Liang K, Zeger S: Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika. 1986, 73: 13-22. 10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"4637_CR22","volume-title":"Survival analysis","author":"R Miller","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miller R: Survival analysis. 1981, New York: Wiley"},{"key":"4637_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/72.1.1","volume":"72","author":"N Reid","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reid N, Crepeau H: Influence functions for proportional hazards regression. Biometrika. 1985, 72: 1-9. 10.1093\/biomet\/72.1.1.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"4637_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/80.3.557","volume":"80","author":"D Lin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lin D, Wei L, Ying Z: Checking the Cox model with cumulative sums of Martingale-based residuals. Biometrika. 1993, 80: 557-572. 10.1093\/biomet\/80.3.557.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"4637_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478874","volume":"84","author":"DY Lin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin DY, Wei LJ: The robust inference for the proportional hazards model. J Am Stat Assoc. 1989, 84: 1074-1078. 10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478874.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"4637_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1086\/345731","volume":"186","author":"DT Tuyet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tuyet DT, Thiem VD, von Seidlein L, Chowdhury A, Park E, Canh DG, Chien BT, Tung TV, Naficy A, Rao MR, Ali M, Lee H, Sy TH, Nichibuchi M, Clemens J, Trach DD: Clinical, epidemiological, and socioeconomic analysis of an outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186: 1615-1620. 10.1086\/345731.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4637_CR27","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Bacterial diarrhoeal disease","author":"SC Pal","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pal SC, Sircar BK, Nair GB, Deb BC: Epidemiology of bacterial diarrhoeal diseases in India with special reference to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections. Bacterial diarrhoeal disease. Edited by: Takeda Y, Miwatani T. 1984, Tokyo: KTK Scientific Publishers, 65-73."},{"issue":"1","key":"4637_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.288-290.1983","volume":"46","author":"BL Sarkar","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sarkar BL, Nair GB, Sircar BK, Pal SC: Incidence and level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with freshwater plankton. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983, 46 (1): 288-290.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4637_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.1.132-136.1985","volume":"49","author":"BL Sarkar","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sarkar BL, Nair GB, Banerjee AK, Pal SC: Seasonal distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater environs and in association with freshwater fishes in Calcutta. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985, 49 (1): 132-136.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4637_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-62","volume":"7","author":"FB Osei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osei FB, Duker AA: Spatial dependency of V. cholera prevalence on open space refuse dumps in Kumasi, Ghana: a spatial statistical modelling. Int J Health Geogr. 2008, 7: 62-10.1186\/1476-072X-7-62.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:55:11Z","timestamp":1630529711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-830","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"830"}}