{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T13:51:09Z","timestamp":1777125069215,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]],"date-time":"2012-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352678400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Gastrointestinal illnesses (GI) continue to pose a substantial burden in terms of morbidity and economic impact in Canada. We describe the epidemiology of reportable GI in Ontario by characterizing the incidence of each reportable GI, as well as associated demographics, clinical outcomes, seasonality, risk settings, and likely sources of infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Reports on laboratory confirmed cases of amebiasis, botulism, campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, hepatitis A, listeriosis, paratyphoid fever, salmonellosis, shigellosis, typhoid fever, illness due to verotoxin-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (VTEC-illness), and yersiniosis, from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009 were obtained from Ontario\u2019s passive reportable disease surveillance system. Cases were classified by history of relevant travel, association with outbreaks, and likely source of infection, obtained through follow-up of reported cases by local health authorities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were 29,897 GI reported by health authorities in Ontario from 2007 to 2009. The most frequently reported diseases were campylobacteriosis (10,916 cases or 36.5% of all GI illnesses) and salmonellosis (7,514 cases, 25.1%). Overall, 26.9% of GI cases reported travel outside of Ontario during the relevant incubation period. Children four years of age and younger had the highest incidence rate for most GI, and significantly more (54.8%, p&lt;0.001) cases occurred among males than females. The most commonly reported sources of infections were food (54.2%), animals (19.8%), and contact with ill persons (16.9%). Private homes (45.5%) and food premises (29.7%) were the most commonly reported exposure settings. Domestic cases of campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, salmonellosis, and VTEC-illness showed seasonal patterns with incidence peaking in the summer months.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Reportable GI continues to be a burden in Ontario. Since more than one in four GI cases experienced in Ontario were acquired outside of the province, international travel is an important risk factor for most GI. Because private homes are the most commonly reported risk settings and the main suspect sources of infection are food, animal contact and ill persons, these findings support the continued need for public health food safety programs, public education on safe handling of food and animals, and proper hand hygiene practices.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,13]],"date-time":"2012-11-13T10:07:06Z","timestamp":1352801226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A descriptive study of reportable gastrointestinal illnesses in Ontario, Canada, from 2007 to 2009"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Vrbova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4510_CR1","first-page":"197","volume":"81","author":"M Kosek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL: The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ. 2003, 81: 197-204.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"4510_CR2","first-page":"8","volume":"34","author":"MK Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas MK, Majowicz SE, Pollari F, Sockett PN: Burden of acute gastrointestinal illness in Canada, 1999\u20132007: interim summary of NSAGI activities. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2008, 34: 8-15.","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"4510_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.3.651","volume":"69","author":"SE Majowicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Majowicz SE, McNab WB, Sockett P, Henson TS, Dore K, Edge VL, Buffett MC, Fazil A, Read S, McEwen S, Stacey D, Wilson JB: Burden and cost of gastroenteritis in a Canadian community. J Food Prot. 2006, 69: 651-659.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"4510_CR4","unstructured":"Statistics Canada: Population by year, by province and territory. http:\/\/www40.statcan.ca\/l01\/cst01\/demo02a-eng.htm,"},{"key":"4510_CR5","first-page":"275","volume":"32","author":"Z Rajda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rajda Z, Middleton D: Descriptive epidemiology of enteric illness for selected reportable diseases in Ontario, 2003. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2006, 32: 275-285.","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"4510_CR6","first-page":"123","volume":"15","author":"Z Rajda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rajda Z, Middleton D: Descriptive epidemiology of enteric illness for selected reportable diseases in Ontario, 2002. 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Emerg Infect Dis. 2011, 17: 7-15.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4510_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/978784","volume":"20","author":"VA Keegan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keegan VA, Majowicz SE, Pearl DL, Marshall BJ, Sittler N, Knowles L, Wilson JB: Epidemiology of enteric disease in C-EnterNet\u2019s pilot site - Waterloo region, Ontario, 1990 to 2004. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2009, 20: 79-87.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"4510_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405297","volume":"101","author":"M Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor M, MacDougall L, Li M, Galanis E, BC Enteric Policy Working Group*: The impact of international travel on the epidemiology of entericinfections, British Columbia, 2008. 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Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2006, 17: 229-234.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:24:17Z","timestamp":1630527857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"970"}}