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In China, there is a lack of review studies to provide such estimates for health impact assessments.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We systematically searched the MEDLINE database using keywords of 80 major Chinese cities in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan on 30 June 2012, yielding 350 abstracts with 48 non-duplicated reports either in English or Chinese after screening. We pooled the relative risks (RR) per 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> of particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), sulphur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>For short-term effects, the pooled RR (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) ranges were: 1.0031 (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) to 1.0140 (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) for all-cause mortality, 1.0034 (cardiopulmonary, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) to 1.0235 (influenza and pneumonia, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) for 9 specific-causes mortality, 1.0021 (cardiovascular, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) to 1.0162 (asthma, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) for 5 specific-causes hospital admissions. For birth outcomes, the RR (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) ranged from 1.0051 (stillbirth, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) to 1.1189 (preterm-birth, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and for long-term effect on mortality from 1.0150 (respiratory, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) to 1.0297 (respiratory, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). Publication bias was absent (Egger test: p\u2009=\u20090.326 to 0.624). Annual PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations were inversely associated with RR of mortality (p\u2009=\u20090.017-0.028).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Evidence on short-term effects of air pollution is consistent and sufficient for health impact assessment but that on long-term effects is still insufficient.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T06:14:28Z","timestamp":1366265668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Meta-analysis of adverse health effects due to air pollution in Chinese populations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hak-Kan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chit-Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"5552_CR1","volume-title":"Air quality guidelines for Europe","author":"WHO","year":"1987","unstructured":"WHO: Air quality guidelines for Europe. 1987, Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe"},{"key":"5552_CR2","volume-title":"Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide","author":"WHO","year":"2006","unstructured":"WHO: Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. 2006, Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe"},{"key":"5552_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511398114","volume":"23","author":"JT Spickett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spickett JT, Brown HL, Rumchev K: Climate change and air quality: the potential impact on health. 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