{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T08:16:30Z","timestamp":1794644190765,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375833600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the primary public health problems in developing countries. HIV\/AIDS, poverty, undernutrition, over-crowded living conditions and lack of knowledge about the disease have been known to increase the risk of spreading the bacteria and the risk of developing the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the level of TB knowledge, attitudes and practices of rural communities of Itang Special District of the Gambella Regional State of Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Between November 2011 and January 2012, a community-based cross sectional study was carried out in a randomly selected rural kebeles (i.e. the smallest administrative units) of Itang communities. The study participants were interviewed using pre-tested questionnaire. The overall knowledge, attitudes and practices of the study participants were assessed using the mean score of each outcome as a cut-off value. Having a score above the mean on each of the three target outcomes was equated with having a good level of knowledge, or having favorable attitude and good practices towards TB.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Out of 422 study participants (58.5% males and 41.5% females) only 3.3% mentioned bacteria\/germ as a cause of pulmonary TB (PTB) and 9.9% mentioned cough for at least two weeks as the sign of TB. Taking the mean knowledge score as the cut-off value, 57.6% (95% CI: 52.7% to 62.3%) of the study participants had good level of knowledge about TB, 40.8% (95% CI: 36.0% to 45.6%) had favorable attitude towards TB and 45.9% (95% CI: 41.1% to 50.9%) had good practices. Female participants were less likely to have good level of knowledge [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20090.33, 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.51, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001], less likely to have favorable attitude (AOR\u2009=\u20090.23, 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.37) and less likely to have good practices (AOR\u2009=\u20090.37, 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.57, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to male participants.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Majority of the study participants had no correct information about the causative agent of TB and the main symptom of PTB. Moreover, low level of overall knowledge, attitudes and practices about TB was associated with female participants. Hence, TB control strategy in the present study area should include community awareness raising component.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T22:14:21Z","timestamp":1375913661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Community\u2019s knowledge, attitudes and practices about tuberculosis in Itang Special District, Gambella Region, South Western Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jango","family":"Bati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistu","family":"Legesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girmay","family":"Medhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"5710_CR1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global tuberculosis control. 2002, India: Regional Office for South East Asia New Delhi"},{"key":"5710_CR2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global tuberculosis control. 2011, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"5710_CR3","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Tuberculosis Control. 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Country Profile"},{"key":"5710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00615.x","volume":"5","author":"C Auer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Auer C, Sarol JJ, Tanner M, Weiss M: Health seeking and perceived causes of tuberculosis among patients in Manila. J Trop Med Int Health. 2000, 5: 648-56. 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00615.x.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"5710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-112","volume":"5","author":"S Yimer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yimer S, Bjune G, Alene G: Diagnostic and Treatment delay among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2005, 5: 112-10.1186\/1471-2334-5-112.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5710_CR6","first-page":"27","volume":"25","author":"P Blasco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blasco P, Bonte L, Frigati L, Humbulet P, Martin A, Sizaire V: Medicine Sans Fronti ers (MSF): tuberculosis: practical guide line 5th revised edn on tuberculosis for clinicians, nurses, laboratory technicians and medical auxiliaries, Paris. France. 2010, 25: 27-","journal-title":"France"},{"key":"5710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/980594","volume":"2011","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Wood R, Wilkinson RJ: Changing concepts of latent tuberculosis infection in patients living with human immune deficiency virus infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011, 2011: 1-2.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"5710_CR8","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis control: surveillance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Tuberculosis control: surveillance. 2008, Geneva, Switzerland: planning, financing"},{"key":"5710_CR9","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health: 2008, Ethiopia: FMOH 2008\/9 report: Health and health related indicators Planning and Programming Department Addis Ababa"},{"key":"5710_CR10","volume-title":"Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program","author":"Federal Ministry of Health","year":"2011","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health: Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program. 2011, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Special issue for World tuberculosis Day 24th March 2011"},{"key":"5710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5443","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005443","volume":"4","author":"DG Datiko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datiko DG, Lindtj\u00f8rn B: Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment success in Southern Ethiopia: a community randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2009, 4: e5443-10.1371\/journal.pone.0005443.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5710_CR12","volume-title":"Planning and program Department","author":"Gambella Regional Health Bureau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gambella Regional Health Bureau: Planning and program Department. 2011, GRHB 2011 report"},{"key":"5710_CR13","volume-title":"Central stastical authority","author":"Central stastical authority","year":"2008","unstructured":"Central stastical authority: Central stastical authority. 2008, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa"},{"key":"5710_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-118","volume":"7","author":"T Endeshaw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Endeshaw T, Gebre T, Ngondi J, Graves PM, Shargie EB, Ejigsemahu Y, Ayele B, Yohannes G, Teferi T, Messele A, Zerihun M: Evaluation of light microscopy and rapid diagnostic test for the detection of malaria under operational field conditions a household survey in Ethiopia. MBC Malaria J. 2007, 7: 118-","journal-title":"MBC Malaria J"},{"key":"5710_CR15","first-page":"25","volume":"19","author":"MM Mesfin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mesfin MM, Tasew TW, Tareke IG, Mulugeta GWM, Richard MJ: Community knowledge, attitudes and practices on pulmonary tuberculosis and their choice of treatment supervisor in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005, 19: 25-","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"5710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-187","volume":"10","author":"M Legesse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Legesse M, Ameni G, Mamo G, Medhin G, Shawel D, Bjune G, Abebe F: Knowledge and perception of pulmonary tuberculosis in pastoral communities in the middle and lower Awash Valley of Afar region, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2010, 10: 187-10.1186\/1471-2458-10-187.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013339","volume":"5","author":"G Abebe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abebe G, Deribew A, Apers L, Woldemichael K, Shifa J, Tesfaye M, Abdisa A, Deribie F, Jira C, Bezabih M, Assefa A, Duchateau L, Colebunders R: Awareness, healthcare seeking behavior and perceived stigma towards tuberculosis among tuberculosis suspects in a rural community in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2010, 5: 10-","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-454","volume":"9","author":"S Yimer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yimer S, Hansen CH, Yimaldu T, Bjune G: Health care seeking among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects and patients in rural Ethiopia: a community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2009, 9: 454-10.1186\/1471-2458-9-454.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5710_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"59","author":"TK Koay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koay TK: Knowledge and attitudes towards tuberculosis among the people living in Kudat District, Sabah. Med J Malaysia. 2004, 59: 1-2.","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"5710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-354","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang J, Fei1 Y, Shen H, Biaoxu B: Gender difference in knowledge of tuberculosis and associated health-care seeking behaviors: rural area of China. BMC Public Health. 2008, 8: 354-10.1186\/1471-2458-8-354.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5710_CR21","first-page":"2","volume":"10","author":"MN Christina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christina MN, Domingo B, Ong-lim AL: A Descriptive study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices on tuberculosis among treatment partners of pediatric patients in Tarlac. PIDSP. 2009, 10: 2-4.","journal-title":"PIDSP"},{"key":"5710_CR22","first-page":"721","volume":"9","author":"DS Hashim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hashim DS, Kubaisy WA, Dulayme AA: Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among health care workers and tuberculosis patients in Iraq. Eas Medit Health J. 2003, 9: 721-722.","journal-title":"Eas Medit Health J"},{"key":"5710_CR23","first-page":"8","volume":"10","author":"M Umair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Umair M, Ubeera M, Hussain S, Abdullah M, Saeed A, Omer F, Shad MA, Siddiqui AM, Akram J: Urban\u2013rural inequities in knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis in two districts of Pakistan\u2019s Punjab province BMC Int J Equ. Health. 2011, 10: 8-","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"5710_CR24","first-page":"239","volume":"14","author":"M Tegegne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tegegne M, Asefa M, Tessema F, Kebede K: Assessment of the community- based training programme at Jimma University, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2000, 14: 239-252.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"5710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-72","volume":"10","author":"JM Cramm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cramm JM, Finkenfl\u00fcgel HJM, M\u00f8ller VP, Nieboer A: Tuberculosis treatment initiation and adherence in a South African community influenced more by perceptions than by knowledge of tuberculosis. BMC Public Health. 2010, 10: 72-10.1186\/1471-2458-10-72.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5710_CR26","first-page":"21","volume":"10","author":"C Gilpin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilpin C, Colombani P, Hasanova S, Sirodjiddinova U: Exploring tuberculosis related knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practice among migrant workers in Tajikistan. Tuberc Res Treat. 2011, 10: 21-25.","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"key":"5710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.1997.11.2.183","volume":"11","author":"NL Vecchiato","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vecchiato NL: Socio-cultural aspects of tuberculosis control in Ethiopia. Med Anthropol Quarter. 1997, 11: 183-201. 10.1525\/maq.1997.11.2.183.","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Quarter"},{"key":"5710_CR28","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"S Egwaga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Egwaga S, Range N, Lwilla F, Mkopi A, Barongo V, Mtenga S, Mashinda H, Cobelens F, Haag V, Leth FV, Grewal P: Assessment of patient preference in allocation and observation of anti-tuberculosis medication in three districts in Tanzania. Dove Medical Press. 2008, 2: 2-3.","journal-title":"Dove Medical Press"},{"key":"5710_CR29","first-page":"187","volume":"53","author":"SP Yadav","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yadav SP, mathur M, Dixit AK: Knowledge and attitude towards tuberculosis among sandstone quarry workers in desert parts of Rajasthan. Indian J Tuberc. 2006, 53: 187-195.","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"5710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90035-0","volume":"2","author":"E Johansson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johansson E, Diwan VK, Huong ND, Ahlberg BM: Staff and patient attitude to tuberculosis and compliance with treatment in Vietnam. Tuber Lung Dis. 1996, 2: 178-83.","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"5710_CR31","first-page":"83","volume":"35","author":"K Gehtakrishnan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gehtakrishnan K, Pappu KP, Roychowdkury MRS: Study on knowledge and towar ds tuberculosis in a rural area of West Bengal. Ind J Tubec. 1988, 35: 83-84.","journal-title":"Ind J Tubec"},{"key":"5710_CR32","first-page":"380","volume":"108","author":"PS Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu PS, Pesus Chou P, Chang NT, Sun WJ, Hsu S, Kuo HS: Assessment of changes in knowledge and stigmatization following tuberculosis training workshops in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2009, 108: 380-382.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"5710_CR33","first-page":"23","volume":"5","author":"M Ali","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ali M, Hadi E, Jalilvand M, Hadian M: Assessment of the amount of knowledge and attitude of Tehran high school students regarding tuberculosis. Tanaffos. 2006, 5: 23-28.","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"5710_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0061","volume":"83","author":"PJ Haasnoot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haasnoot PJ, Boeting TE, Kuney MO, Roosmalen JV: Knowledge attitude and practice of tuberculosis among Maasai in Simanjiro District, Tanzania. Am Soc Trop Med Hygi. 2010, 83: 902-903. 10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0061.","journal-title":"Am Soc Trop Med Hygi"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T01:16:56Z","timestamp":1630545416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"734"}}