{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:04:51Z","timestamp":1787238291352,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,26]],"date-time":"2004-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1090800000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Meningitis caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a serious infection which is most common in young children and adolescents. This study investigated the relationships between the incidence and age distribution of meningococcal disease, and socioeconomic environment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An ecological design was used, including mapping using a Geographical Information System (GIS) at census ward level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incidence of meningococcal disease was highest in the most deprived wards, with a relative risk of 1.97 (1.55 \u2013 2.51). Mapping revealed geographical coincidence of deprivation and meningococcal disease, particularly in urban areas. Two-thirds of the increased incidence was due to cases in the under fives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that area deprivation is a risk factor for meningococcal disease, and that its effects are seen most in young children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,28]],"date-time":"2004-07-28T02:22:47Z","timestamp":1090981367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Geographic correlation between deprivation and risk of meningococcal disease: an ecological study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna J","family":"Willocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain R","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"116_CR1","volume-title":"Health Protection Agency website","author":"Health Protection Agency","year":"2003","unstructured":"Agency Health Protection: Annual notifications of infectious disease 2002. Health Protection Agency website. 2003"},{"key":"116_CR2","volume-title":"Health Protection Agency website","author":"Health Protection Agency","year":"2003","unstructured":"Agency Health Protection: Background information on meningitis. Health Protection Agency website. 2003"},{"key":"116_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.2.117","volume":"83","author":"P Kriz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kriz P, Bobak M, Kriz B: Parental smoking, socioeconomic factors, and risk of invasive meningococcal disease in children: a population based case-control study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000, 83: 117-121. 10.1136\/adc.83.2.117.","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"116_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.Suppl.S118","volume":"2 Suppl","author":"B Schwartz","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schwartz B, Moore PS, Broome CV: Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1989, 2 Suppl: S118-S124.","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"116_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00356-7","volume":"2","author":"YL Tzeng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tzeng YL, Stephens DS: Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis. Microbes & Infection. 2000, 2: 687-700. 10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00356-7.","journal-title":"Microbes & Infection"},{"key":"116_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01208730","volume":"36","author":"CG Collier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Collier CG: Weather conditions prior to major outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Biometeorology. 1992, 36: 18-29.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometeorology"},{"key":"116_CR7","volume-title":"The modern rise of population","author":"T Mckeown","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mckeown T: The modern rise of population. 1976, London"},{"key":"116_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02108-X","volume":"354","author":"DR Gwatkin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gwatkin DR, Guillot M, Heuveline P: The burden of disease among the global poor. Lancet. 1999, 354: 586-589. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02108-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"116_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101992000600008","volume":"26","author":"R Sichieri","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sichieri R, de Lolio CA, Correia VR, Everhart JE: Geographical patterns of proportionate mortality for the most common causes of death in Brazil. Revista de Saude Publica. 1992, 26: 424-430.","journal-title":"Revista de Saude Publica"},{"key":"116_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.12.1937","volume":"87","author":"P Kilmarx","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kilmarx P, Zaida AA, Thomas JC, Nakashima AK, Louis ME, Flock ML, Peterman TA: Sociodemographic factors and the variation in syphilis rates among US counties, 1984 through 1993: An ecological analysis. American Journal of Public Health. 1997, 87: 1937-1943.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"116_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7096.1719","volume":"314","author":"N Low","year":"1997","unstructured":"Low N, Daker-White G, Barlow D, Pozniak AL: Gonorrhoea in inner London: results of a cross sectional study. BMJ. 1997, 314: 1719-","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"116_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.268","volume":"76","author":"M Shahmanesh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shahmanesh M, Gayed S, Ashcroft M, Smith R, Roopnarainsingh R, Dunn J, Ross J: Geomapping of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Birmingham. Sex Transm Infect. 2000, 76: 268-272. 10.1136\/sti.76.4.268.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"116_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7096.1715","volume":"314","author":"C-JN Lacey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lacey C-JN, Merrick DW, Bensley DC, Fairley I: Analysis of the sociodemography of gonorrhoea in Leeds, 1989-93. BMJ. 1997, 314: 1715-1718.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"116_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7083.794","volume":"314","author":"IR Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones IR, Urwin G, Feldman RA, Banatvala N: Social deprivation and bacterial meningitis in north east Thames region: three year study using small area statistics. BMJ. 1997, 314: 794-795.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"116_CR15","first-page":"327","volume":"5","author":"JM Stuart","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stuart JM, Middleton N, Gunnell DJ: Socioeconomic inequality and meningococcal disease. Communicable Disease and Public Health. 2002, 5: 327-328.","journal-title":"Communicable Disease and Public Health"},{"key":"116_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880200794X","volume":"130","author":"DL Fone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fone DL, Harries JM, Lester N, Nehaul L: Meningococcal disease and social deprivation: a small area geographical study in Gwent, UK. Epidemiology & Infection. 2003, 130: 53-58. 10.1017\/S095026880200794X.","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"key":"116_CR17","first-page":"205","volume":"5","author":"KL Davison","year":"2002","unstructured":"Davison KL, Crowcroft NS, Ramsay M, N. Begg, Kaczmarski EB, J.M. Stuart, White JM, Orr H: Enhanced surveillance scheme for suspected meningococcal disease in five regional health authorities in England: 1998. Communicable Disease and Public Health. 2002, 5: 205-212.","journal-title":"Communicable Disease and Public Health"},{"key":"116_CR18","first-page":"187","volume":"5","author":"Public Health Laboratory Service Meningococcus Forum","year":"2002","unstructured":"Forum Public Health Laboratory Service Meningococcus: Guidelines for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK. Communicable Disease and Public Health. 2002, 5: 187-204.","journal-title":"Communicable Disease and Public Health"},{"key":"116_CR19","volume-title":"Compendium of clinical and health indicators 2001","author":"Department of Health","year":"2001","unstructured":"Health Department of: Compendium of clinical and health indicators 2001. 2001"},{"key":"116_CR20","volume-title":"Health and deprivation: inequality and the North","author":"P Townsend","year":"1988","unstructured":"Townsend P, Phillimore P, Beattie A: Health and deprivation: inequality and the North. 1988, London: Croom Helm"},{"key":"116_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.2.103","volume":"76","author":"AJ Winter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Winter AJ, Sriskandabalan P, Wade AA, Cummins C, Barker P: Sociodemography of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in Coventry, UK, 1992-6. Sex Transm Infect. 2000, 76: 103-109. 10.1136\/sti.76.2.103.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"116_CR22","volume-title":"199 Census : Small area statistics and Local base statistics","author":"Census dissemination unit","year":"1993","unstructured":"unit Census dissemination: 199 Census : Small area statistics and Local base statistics. Edited by: Office for National Statistics. 1993, ESRC\/JISC Census Programme, Census Data Support Unit, University of Manchester"},{"key":"116_CR23","volume-title":"1991 Census: Digitised Boundary Data (Great Britain)","author":"Census geography data unit (UKBORDERS)","year":"1991","unstructured":"(UKBORDERS) Census geography data unit: 1991 Census: Digitised Boundary Data (Great Britain). Edited by: Ordnance survey. 1991, ESRC\/JISC Census Programme, Census support unit, University of Edinburgh"},{"key":"116_CR24","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Statistics with Confidence","author":"MJ Gardner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gardner MJ, D. Altman: Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks, odds ratios, and standardised ratios and rates. Statistics with Confidence. 1989, 50-"},{"key":"116_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8292(00)00009-5","volume":"6","author":"R Haynes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haynes R, Gale S: Deprivation and poor health in rural areas: inequalities hidden by averages. Health and Place. 2000, 6: 275-10.1016\/S1353-8292(00)00009-5.","journal-title":"Health and Place"},{"key":"116_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.1.44","volume":"55","author":"S.,et al. Barnett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnett S.,et al.: A multilevel analysis of the effects of rurality and social deprivation on premature limiting long term illness. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001, 55: 44-10.1136\/jech.55.1.44.","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"116_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00611-X","volume":"353","author":"B Olowokure","year":"1999","unstructured":"Olowokure B, Hawker J, Weinberg J, Gill N, Sufi F: Deprivation and hospital admission for infectious intestinal diseases. Lancet. 1999, 353: 807-808. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00611-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"116_CR28","first-page":"139","volume":"10","author":"JM Stuart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stuart JM, Cartwright KA, Dawson JA, Rickard J, Noah ND: Risk factors for meningococcal disease: a case control study in south west England. Community Medicine. 1988, 10: 139-146.","journal-title":"Community Medicine"},{"key":"116_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057733","volume":"112","author":"RE Stanwell-Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stanwell-Smith RE, Stuart JM, Hughes AO, Robinson PM, Griffin MN, K. Carwright: Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study. Epidemiology and Infection. 1994, 112: 315-328.","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"116_CR30","volume-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","author":"PE Fitzpatrick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick PE, Salmon RL, Hunter PR, Roberts RJ, Palmer SR: Risk factors for carriage of Neisseria meningitidis during an outbreak in Wales. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000, 6:"},{"key":"116_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.12.2022","volume":"87","author":"C Siegel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Siegel C, Davidson A, Kafadar K, Norris JM, Todd J, Steiner J: Geographic analysis of pertussis infection in an urban area: a tool for health services planning. American Journal of Public Health. 1997, 87: 2022-2026.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T08:48:07Z","timestamp":1728290887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-30","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"30"}}