{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:35:22Z","timestamp":1792024522348,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,30]],"date-time":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,30]],"date-time":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Malnutrition in children can be a consequence of unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. However, some families maintain adequate nutritional status in their children despite living in poverty. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether family-related factors are determinants of stunting in young Mexican children living in extreme poverty, and whether these factors differ between rural or urban contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>A case-control study was conducted in one rural and one urban extreme poverty level areas in Mexico. Cases comprised stunted children aged between 6 and 23 months. Controls were well-nourished children. Independent variables were defined in five dimensions: family characteristics; family income; household allocation of resources and family organisation; social networks; and child health care. Information was collected from 108 cases and 139 controls in the rural area and from 198 cases and 211 controls in the urban area. Statistical analysis was carried out separately for each area; unconditional multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to obtain the best explanatory model for stunting.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In the rural area, a greater risk of stunting was associated with father's occupation as farmer and the presence of family networks for child care. The greatest protective effect was found in children cared for exclusively by their mothers. In the urban area, risk factors for stunting were father with unstable job, presence of small social networks, low rate of attendance to the Well Child Program activities, breast-feeding longer than six months, and two variables within the family characteristics dimension (longer duration of parents' union and migration from rural to urban area).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>This study suggests the influence of the family on the nutritional status of children under two years of age living in extreme poverty areas. Factors associated with stunting were different in rural and urban communities.<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Therefore, developing and implementing health programs to tackle malnutrition should take into account such differences that are consequence of the social, economic, and cultural contexts in which the family lives.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T09:24:41Z","timestamp":1105608281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["The family as a determinant of stunting in children living in conditions of extreme poverty: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Hortensia","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araceli","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana V","family":"Doubova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"143_CR1","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional en Favor de la Infancia. Programa Nacional de Acci\u00f3n 1995\u20132000: Evaluaci\u00f3n 1998. M\u00e9xico. 1999"},{"key":"143_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000069","volume":"3","author":"F Delpeuch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delpeuch F, Traissac P, Martin-Prevel Y, Massamba JP, Maire B: Economic crisis and malnutrition: socioeconomic determinants of anthropometric status of preschool children and their mothers in an African urban area. Public Health Nutr. 2000, 3: 39-47.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"143_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(99)00091-1","volume":"27","author":"JL Garret","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garret JL, Ruel MT: Are determinants of rural and urban food security and nutritional status different? Some insights from Mozambique. World Development. 1999, 27: 1955-1975. 10.1016\/S0305-750X(99)00091-1.","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"143_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200x.1999.01103.x","volume":"41","author":"Y Li","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li Y, Guo G, Shi A, Li Y, Anme T, Ushijima H: Prevalence and correlates of malnutrition among children in rural minority areas of China. Pediatr Int. 1999, 41: 549-556. 10.1046\/j.1442-200X.1999.01103.x.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"143_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E451","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.e45","volume":"102","author":"JK Kikafunda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kikafunda JK, Walker F, Collette D, Tumwine JK: Risk factors for early childhood malnutrition in Uganda. Pediatrics. 1998, 102: E451-E458. 10.1542\/peds.102.4.e45.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"143_CR6","first-page":"164","volume":"9","author":"Y Chang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chang Y, Xian ZD, He W, Chang SY, Ma HJ, Chen CM: Child malnutrition in China \u2013 present status and changing trend. Biomed Environ Sci. 1996, 9: 164-80.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"143_CR7","first-page":"517","volume":"98","author":"SK Ray","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ray SK, Biswas AB, Kumar S: A study of dietary pattern, household food security and nutritional profile of under-five children of a community of West Bengal. J Indian Med Assoc. 2000, 98: 517-519.","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"143_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/41.1.8","volume":"41","author":"TJ Ballard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ballard TJ, Neumann CG: The effects of malnutrition, parental literacy and household crowding on acute lower respiratory infections in young Kenyan children. J Trop Pediatr. 1995, 41: 8-13.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"143_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1062","volume":"65","author":"WW Fawzi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fawzi WW, Herrera MG, Spiegelman DL, el Amin A, Nestel P, Mohamed KA: A prospective study of malnutrition in relation to child mortality in the Sudan. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997, 65: 1062-1069.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"143_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00436-X","volume":"14","author":"FP Schelp","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schelp FP: Nutrition and infection in tropical countries \u2013 implications for public health intervention \u2013 a personal perspective. Nutrition. 1998, 14: 217-222. 10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00436-X.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"143_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1997.tb123191.x","volume":"166","author":"SA Skull","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skull SA, Ruben AR, Walker AC: Malnutrition and microcephaly in Australian aboriginal children. Med J Aust. 1997, 166: 412-414.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"143_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1047","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_8.S1047","volume":"12","author":"TE Tupasi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tupasi TE, Mangubat NV, Sunico ME, Magdangal DM, Navarro EE, Leonor ZA, Lupisan S, Medalla F, Lucero MG: Malnutrition and acute respiratory tract infections in Filipino children. Rev Infect Dis. 1990, 12 (Suppl 8): S1047-1054.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"143_CR13","first-page":"959","volume":"35","author":"S Vazir","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vazir S, Naidu AN, Vidyasagar P: Nutritional status, psychosocial development and the home environment of Indian rural children. Indian Pediatr. 1998, 35: 959-966.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"143_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.6.966","volume":"63","author":"JA Ricci","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ricci JA, Becker S: Risk factors for wasting and stunting among children in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 63: 966-975.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"143_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1995.tb139965.x","volume":"162","author":"AR Ruben","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ruben AR, Walker AC: Malnutrition among rural aboriginal children in the Top End of the Northern Territory. Med J Aust. 1995, 162: 400-403.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"143_CR16","first-page":"95","volume":"37","author":"JR Rivera","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rivera JR, Gonz\u00e1lez-Coss\u00edo T, Flores M, Hern\u00e1ndez M, Lezana MA, Sep\u00falveda-Amor J: Stunting and emaciation in children under 5 in distinct regions and strata in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex. 1995, 37: 95-107.","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"143_CR17","unstructured":"Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica, Geograf\u00eda e Inform\u00e1tica: Encuesta Nacional de Nutrici\u00f3n 1999. M\u00e9xico. 2000"},{"key":"143_CR18","unstructured":"Secretar\u00eda de Desarrollo Social: Programa de Educaci\u00f3n, Salud y alimentaci\u00f3n. M\u00e9xico;. 2000"},{"key":"143_CR19","first-page":"207","volume":"126","author":"J Sep\u00falveda-Amor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sep\u00falveda-Amor J, Lezana MA, Tapia-Conyer R, Valdespino JL, Madrigal H, Kumate J: Nutritional status of pre-school children and women in Mexico: results of a probabilistic National Survey. Gac Med Mex. 1990, 126: 207-224.","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"143_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01615659","volume":"40","author":"P Bouvier","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bouvier P, Papart JP, Wanner P, Picquet M, Rougemont A: Malnutrition of children in Sukasso (Mali): prevalence and socio-economic determinants. Soz Praventivmed. 1995, 40: 27-34.","journal-title":"Soz Praventivmed"},{"key":"143_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30739-X","volume":"5","author":"K Brown","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brown K, Solomons N: Nutritional problems of developing countries. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1991, 5: 297-317.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"143_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/026010609400900402","volume":"9","author":"S Lipsky","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lipsky S, Stephenson PA, Koepsell TD, Gloyd SS, L\u00f3pez JL, Bain CE: Breastfeeding and weaning in rural Mexico. Nutr Health. 1994, 9: 255-263.","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"143_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.44.391","volume":"44","author":"T Rikimaru","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rikimaru T, Yartey JE, Taniguchi K, Kennedy DO, Nkrumah FK: Risk factors for the prevalence of malnutrition among urban children in Ghana. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 1998, 44: 391-407.","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol"},{"key":"143_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.12.2302","volume":"127","author":"EA Frongillo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Frongillo EA, de Onis M, Hanson KM: Socioeconomic and demographic factors are associated with worldwide patterns of stunting and wasting of children. J Nutr. 1997, 127: 2302-2309.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"143_CR25","first-page":"175","volume":"30","author":"C Infante-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"1988","unstructured":"Infante-Casta\u00f1eda C: Bases for the study of the interaction of family, social networks and health service utilization. Salud Publica Mex. 1988, 30: 175-196.","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"143_CR26","first-page":"489","volume":"55","author":"JC Waterlow","year":"1977","unstructured":"Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, Lane JM, Nichaman MZ, Tanner JM: The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ. 1977, 55: 489-498.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"143_CR27","volume-title":"NCHS Growth Curves for Children 0\u201318 Years","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"1977","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics: NCHS Growth Curves for Children 0\u201318 Years. 1977, United StatesWashington"},{"key":"143_CR28","volume-title":"Case-control studies. Design, conduct, analysis","author":"J Schlesselman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schlesselman J: Case-control studies. Design, conduct, analysis. 1982, New York: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"143_CR29","first-page":"33","volume":"54","author":"LG Bordon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bordon LG, Fernandez AE: Stunting risk factors in 5-year-old children. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1996, 54: 33-37.","journal-title":"Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba"},{"key":"143_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90225-2","volume":"33","author":"M Bentley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bentley M, Pelto G: The household production of nutrition. Soc Sci Med. 1991, 33: 1101-1102. 10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90225-2.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"143_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90390-5","volume":"38","author":"P Berman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berman P, Kendall C, Bhattacharyya K: The household production of health: integrating social science perspective on micro-level health determinants. Soc Sci Med. 1994, 38: 205-215. 10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90390-5.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"143_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1998.9991538","volume":"37","author":"HN Kigutha","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kigutha HN, Van Starveren WA, Veerman W, Hautvast J: Effects of seasonality on household food availability among smallholder rural households in Kenia: impact of land size, household size, and composition. Ecol Food Nutr. 1998, 37: 73-100.","journal-title":"Ecol Food Nutr"},{"key":"143_CR33","first-page":"323","volume":"40","author":"LNC Cedraz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cedraz LNC, Carvallho FM: Family income and malnutrition in the Coast of Camacari, Brazil. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1990, 40: 323-332.","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr"},{"key":"143_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193209700093X","volume":"29","author":"L Jeyaseelan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jeyaseelan L, Lakshman M: Risk factors for malnutrition in south Indian children. J Biosoc Sci. 1997, 29: 93-100. 10.1017\/S002193209700093X.","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"143_CR35","first-page":"219","volume":"47","author":"VD Agueh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agueh VD, Makoutode M, Diallo P, Soton A, Ouendo EM: Infant malnutrition and associated maternal factors in a secondary city south of Benin, Ouidah. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1999, 47: 219-228.","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"key":"143_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36341998000400003","volume":"40","author":"H Reyes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reyes H, Tom\u00e9 P, Guti\u00e9rrez G, Rodr\u00edguez L, Orozco M, Guiscafr\u00e9 H: Mortality due to diarrhea in Mexico: a problem of accessibility or quality of care?. Salud Publica Mex. 1996, 40: 316-323.","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"143_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.3.476","volume":"30","author":"KB Simondon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Simondon KB, Costes A, Delaunay V, Diallo A, Simondon F: Children's height, health and appetite influence mothers' weaning decisions in rural Senegal. Int J Epidemiol. 2001, 30: 476-481. 10.1093\/ije\/30.3.476.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"143_CR38","first-page":"153","volume":"36","author":"T Getaneh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Getaneh T, Assefa A, Tadesse Z: Protein-energy malnutrition in urban children, prevalence and determinants. Ethiop Med J. 1998, 36: 153-166.","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"143_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.693","volume":"25","author":"LE Caulfield","year":"1996","unstructured":"Caulfield LE, Bentley ME, Ahmed S: Is prolonged breast feeding associated with malnutrition? Evidence from nineteen demographic and health surveys. Int J Epidemiol. 1996, 25: 693-703.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"143_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.3.490","volume":"27","author":"KB Simondon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Simondon KB, Simondon F: Mothers prolong breastfeeding of undernourished children in rural Senegal. Int J Epidemiol. 1998, 27: 490-494. 10.1093\/ije\/27.3.490.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:49:50Z","timestamp":1728305390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-4-57","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"57"}}