{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:30:02Z","timestamp":1776313802860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]],"date-time":"2006-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137715200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cocaine abuse is a serious and socially damaging illegal drug problem. Different routes of administration are associated with a specific progression of use, different degrees of abuse liability, propensity for dependence and treatment response. There have been relatively few studies comparing different cocaine users groups and no studies into the characterization of the group of individuals reporting concurrent use of powder cocaine and crack cocaine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Six hundred and ninety-nine cocaine users were assessed during the period August 1997 to October 1998 in one outpatient and six inpatient clinics located in the S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire schedule in Portuguese, designed specifically for the Brazilian population. The statistical analyses were performed using either ANOVA or a chi-squared test and focusing on their preferred form of use\/route of administration and other variables.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>For 83% of the variables tested in this study, the <jats:italic>Dual Users<\/jats:italic> subgroup (using both powder and crack cocaine) demonstrated statistical differences from the single drug user subgroups. Those differences include the initiation of cocaine, the abuse of other illicit drugs, and rates of criminal history.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These data suggest cocaine-dependent individuals who report use of both powder and crack cocaine are an at least partially, distinct subgroup. However, further studies will be necessary to confirm this and to determine if they also show a different treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T12:46:16Z","timestamp":1138020376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Concurrent crack and powder cocaine users from Sao Paulo: Do they represent a different group?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Guindalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Homero","family":"Vallada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerome","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"307_CR1","volume-title":"National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA)","author":"Substance Abuse and mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA)","year":"2003","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA): National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). 2003, Report"},{"issue":"4","key":"307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000079834","volume":"10","author":"C Haasen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haasen C, Prinzleve M, Zurhold H, Rehm J, Guttinger F, Fischer G, Jagsch R, Olsson B, Ekendahl M, Verster A, Camposeragna A, Pezous AM, Gossop M, Manning V, Cox G, Ryder N, Gerevich J, Bacskai E, Casas M, Matali JL, Krausz M: Cocaine use in Europe \u2013 a multi-centre study. 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