{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:26:36Z","timestamp":1792895196860,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]],"date-time":"2006-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the last years, international traffic volume has significantly increased, raising the risk for acquisition of infectious diseases. Among travel-associated infections, increased incidence of legionellosis has been reported among travellers.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Aim of our study was: to describe the frequency and severity of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> spp. contamination in ferries and cruise ships; to compare the levels of contamination with those indicated by the Italian ministerial guidelines for control and prevention of legionellosis, in order to assess health risks and to adopt control measures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A prevalence study was carried out on 9 ships docked at the seaports of northern Sardinia in 2004. Water samples were collected from critical sites: passenger cabins, crew cabins, kitchens, coffee bars, rooms of the central air conditioning system. It was performed a qualitative and quantitative identification of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> spp. and a chemical, physical and bacteriological analysis of water samples.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Forty-two percent (38\/90) water samples were contaminated by <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> spp.. Positive samples were mainly drawn from showers (24\/44), washbasins (10\/22). <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> was isolated in 42\/44 samples (95.5%), followed by <jats:italic>L. micdadei<\/jats:italic> (4.5%).<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Strains were identified as <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> serogroup 6 (45.2%; 19 samples), 2\u201314 (42.9%), 5 (7.1%) and 3 (4.8%). <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> spp. load was high; 77.8% of the water samples contained &gt; 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> CFU\/L.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Low residual free chlorine concentration (0\u20130,2 mg\/L) was associated to a contamination of the 50% of the water samples.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> is an ubiquitous bacterium that could create problems for public health.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>We identified <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> spp. in 6\/7 ferries. Microbial load was predominantly high (&gt; 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> CFU\/L or ranging from 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> to 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> CFU\/L). It is matter of concern when passengers are subjects at risk because of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> spp. is an opportunist that can survive in freshwater systems; high bacterial load might be an important variable related to disease's occurrence.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>High level of contamination required disinfecting measures, but does not lead to a definitive solution to the problem. Therefore, it is important to identify a person responsible for health safety in order to control the risk from exposure and to apply preventive measures, according to European and Italian guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,20]],"date-time":"2006-04-20T15:45:03Z","timestamp":1145547903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Prevalence study of Legionella spp. contamination in ferries and cruise ships"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Azara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Piana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Sotgiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Dettori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Deriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Masia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Maria","family":"Are","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Muresu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"397_CR1","unstructured":"Gianvenuti A: Verso uno sviluppo sostenibile: il turismo sostenibile, strumento di sviluppo economico e di protezione ambientale. 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