{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:09:17Z","timestamp":1784873357377,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]],"date-time":"2006-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]],"date-time":"2006-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Elevated plasma total homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a sensitive marker of the inadequate vitamin B12 and folate insufficiency. Folate and vitamin B12 have a protective effect on cardiovascular disease. This population based study was conducted to evaluate the plasma total homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 in healthy Iranian individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>This study was a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab Region of Tehran University has been designed and conducted based on the methodology of MONICA\/WHO Project. A total of 1214 people aged 25\u201364 years, were recruited and assessed regarding demographic characteristics, homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels with interview, questionnaires, examination and blood sampling. Blood samples were gathered and analyzed according to standard methods.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The variables were assessed in 1214 participants including 428 men (35.3%) and 786 women (64.7%). Age-adjusted prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hcy\u226515 \u03bcmol\/L) was 73.1% in men and 41.07% in women (P &lt; 0.0001). Geometric mean of plasma homocysteine was 19.02 \u00b1 1.46 \u03bcmol\/l in men and 14.05 \u00b1 1.45 \u03bcmol\/l in women (P &lt; 0.004) which increased by ageing. Age-adjusted prevalence of low serum folate level was 98.67% in men and 97.92% in women. Age-adjusted prevalence of low serum vitamin B12 level was 26.32% in men and 27.2% in women. Correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) between log tHcy and serum folate, and vitamin B12 indicated an inverse correlation (r = -0.27, r = -0.19, P &lt; 0.0001, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>These results revealed that the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia, low folate and vitamin B12 levels are considerably higher than other communities. Implementation of preventive interventions such as food fortification with folic acid is necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,17]],"date-time":"2006-02-17T07:45:25Z","timestamp":1140162325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Total plasma homocysteine, folate, and vitamin b12 status in healthy Iranian adults: the Tehran homocysteine survey (2003\u20132004)\/a cross \u2013 sectional population based study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Fakhrzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ghotbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Pourebrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Heshmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Bandarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Shafaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagher","family":"Larijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"326_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1994.tb00854.x","volume":"53","author":"MR Malinow","year":"1994","unstructured":"Malinow MR: Homocysteine and arterial occlusive diseases. J Intern Med. 1994, 53: 603-607.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"326_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.48.290","volume":"48","author":"HS Lim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lim HS, Heo YR: Plasma total homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 status in Korean adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2002, 48: 290-297.","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol"},{"key":"326_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.2002.0591","volume":"22","author":"I Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin I, Obrador A, Gibert MJ, Hernanz A, Fuster A, Pintos C, Garcia A, Tur J: Folate status and a new repletion cut \u2013 off value in a group of healthy Majorcan woman. Clinical Nutrition. 2003, 22: 53-58. 10.1054\/clnu.2002.0591.","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"326_CR4","first-page":"349","volume":"48","author":"G Alfthan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alfthan G, Aro A, Gey KF: Plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular disease mortality. Lancet. 1997, 48: 349-397.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"326_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000063607.56590.7F","volume":"23","author":"FM Faraci","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faraci FM: Hyperhomocysteinemia: a million ways to lose control. Aterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003, 23: 371-373. 10.1161\/01.ATV.0000063607.56590.7F.","journal-title":"Aterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"326_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719270","volume":"22","author":"GC Rampersaud","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rampersaud GC, Kauwell GP, Ailey LB: Folate: a key to optimizing health and reducing disease risk in the elderly. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003, 22: 1-8.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00010","volume":"3","author":"I Graham","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graham I: Homocysteine in health and disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999, 3: 387-388.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"326_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00003","volume":"131","author":"J Selhub","year":"1999","unstructured":"Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Rogers G, Bowman BA, Gunter EW, Wright JD, Johnson CL: Serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991\u20131994): Population reference ranges and contribution of vitamin status to high serum concentrations. Ann Intern Med. 1999, 131: 331-339.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"326_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200012000-00003","volume":"11","author":"IM Graham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graham IM, OCallaghan P: The role of folic acid in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2000, 11: 577-587. 10.1097\/00041433-200012000-00003.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"326_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0102.102190","volume":"22","author":"MC Verhaar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verhaar MC, Stores E, Rabelink TJ: Folates and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vas Biol. 2002, 22: 6-13. 10.1161\/hq0102.102190.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vas Biol"},{"key":"326_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.4.940","volume":"59","author":"N Pancharuniti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pancharuniti N, Lewis CA, Sauberlich HE, Perkins LL, Go RC, Alvarez JO, Macaluso M, Acton RT, Copeland RB, Cousins AL, et al: Plasma homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 concentrations and risk for early \u2013 onset coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994, 59: 940-948.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530480035037","volume":"275","author":"HI Morrison","year":"1996","unstructured":"Morrison HI, Schaubel D, Desmeules M, Wigle DT: Serum folate and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1996, 275: 1893-1896. 10.1001\/jama.275.24.1893.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"326_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.2.263","volume":"67","author":"O Nygard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nygard O, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Vollset SE: Major lifestyle determinants of plasma total homocysteine distribution: the Hordaland Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998, 67: 263-270.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.7.1033","volume":"41","author":"JB Ubbink","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ubbink JB, Becker PJ, Vermaak WJ, Delport R: Results of B-vitamin supplementation study used in a prediction model to define a reference range for plasma homocysteine. Clin Chem. 1995, 41: 1033-1037.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"326_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.4.630","volume":"42","author":"K Rasmussen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rasmussen K, Moller J, Lyngbak M, Pedersen AM, Dybkjaer L: Age- and gender-specific reference intervals for totall homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in plasma before and after vitamin supplementation. Clin Chem. 1996, 42: 630-636.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"326_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.3.482","volume":"69","author":"PF Jacques","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Rogers G, Selhub J, Bowman BA, Gunter EW, Wright JD, Johnson CL: Serum homocysteine concentrations in adolescent and adult Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 69: 482-489.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.005","volume":"37","author":"J Golbahar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Golbahar J, Rezaian G, Bararpour H: Distribution of plasma total homocysteine concentrations in the healthy Iranians. Clinical Biochemistry. 2004, 37: 149-151. 10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.005.","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"326_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90084-4","volume":"41","author":"WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators","year":"1988","unstructured":"WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators: The World Health Organization MONICA Project (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): a major international collaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988, 41: 105-114. 10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90084-4.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"326_CR19","first-page":"115","volume":"41","author":"WHO MONICA Project","year":"1988","unstructured":"WHO MONICA Project: Geographical variation in the major risk factors of coronary heart disease in men and women aged 25\u201364 years. World Health Stat Q. 1988, 41: 115-137.","journal-title":"World Health Stat Q"},{"key":"326_CR20","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Folic acid","author":"J Selhub","year":"1996","unstructured":"Selhub J, Rosenberg IH: Present knowledge in Nutrition. Folic acid. Edited by: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ. 1996, Washington, DC: ILSI Pr, 206-19. 7","edition":"7"},{"key":"326_CR21","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Folic acid","author":"V Herbert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herbert V: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Folic acid. Edited by: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC. 1999, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 433-446. 9","edition":"9"},{"key":"326_CR22","first-page":"447","volume-title":"Vitamin B12 \"cobalamin\"","author":"DG Weir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weir DG, Scott JM: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Vitamin B12 \"cobalamin\". Edited by: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC. 1999, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 447-458. 9","edition":"9"},{"key":"326_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510220049033","volume":"270","author":"J Selhub","year":"1993","unstructured":"Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, Rush D, Rosenberg IH: Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA. 1993, 270: 2693-2698. 10.1001\/jama.270.22.2693.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"326_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.31","volume":"49","author":"H Refsum","year":"1998","unstructured":"Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE: Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Ann Rev Med. 1998, 49: 31-62. 10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.31.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Med"},{"key":"326_CR25","first-page":"1536","volume":"274","author":"O Nygrad","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nygrad O, Vollset SE, Refsum HM: Total plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular risk profile. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. JAMA. 1995, 274: 1536-1533.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"326_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540460039030","volume":"277","author":"IM Graham","year":"1997","unstructured":"Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, Robinson K, Brattstrom LE, Ueland PM, Palma-Reis RJ, Boers GH, Sheahan RG, Israelsson B, Uiterwaal CS, Meleady R, McMaster D, Verhoef P, Witteman J, Rubba P, Bellet H, Wautrecht JC, de Valk HW, Sales Luis AC, Parrot-Rouland FM, Tan KS, Higgins I, Garcon D, Andria G, et al: Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA. 1997, 277: 1775-1781. 10.1001\/jama.277.22.1775.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"326_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.59","volume":"31","author":"ES Ford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ford ES, Smith SJ, Stroup DF, Steinberg KK, Mueller PW, Thacker SB: Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: a systemic review of the evidence with special emphasis on case-control studies and nested case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2002, 31: 59-70. 10.1093\/ije\/31.1.59.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"326_CR28","first-page":"249","volume":"5","author":"R Clarke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clarke R, Collins R: Can dietary supplements with folic acid or vitamin B6 reduce cardiovascular risk? Design of clinical trials to test the homocysteine hypothesis of vascular disease. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1998, 5: 249-255.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Risk"},{"key":"326_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518809167487","volume":"48","author":"LE Brattstrom","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brattstrom LE, Israelsson B, Jeppsson JO, Hultberg BL: Folic acid \u2013 an innocuous means to reduce plasma homocysteine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1988, 48: 215-221.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"326_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.10.1927","volume":"124","author":"JB Ubbink","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ, Delport R, Potgieter HC: Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr. 1994, 124: 1927-1933.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.4.587","volume":"64","author":"S Lussier-Cacan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lussier-Cacan S, Xhignesse M, Piolot A, Selhub J, Davignon J, Genest J: Plasma total homocysteine in healthy subjects: sex-specific relation with biological traits. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 64: 587-593.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1994.tb00856.x","volume":"36","author":"L Brattstrom","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brattstrom L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, Andersson A, Hultberg B: Homocysteine and cysteine: determinants of plasma levels in middle-aged and elderly subjects. J Intern Med. 1994, 36: 633-641.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"326_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718611","volume":"15","author":"KM Koehler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koehler KM, Romero LJ, Stauber PM, Pareo-Tubbeh SL, Liang HC, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP: Vitamin supplementation and other variables affecting serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in elderly men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996, 15: 364-376.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01940.x","volume":"22","author":"A Andersson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Andersson A, Brattstrom L, Israelsson B, Isaksson A, Hamfelt A, Hultberg B: Plasma homocysteine before and after methionine loading with regard to age, gender and menopausal status. Eur J Clin Investig. 1992, 22: 79-87.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"326_CR35","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Thesis katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen","author":"A de Bree","year":"2001","unstructured":"de Bree A: Dietary, lifestyle and genetic determinants of homocysteine and its relation with coronary heart disease. Thesis katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. 2001, The Netherlands, 1: 187-"},{"key":"326_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.12.1301","volume":"158","author":"JH Stein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stein JH, McBride PE: Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease: pathophysiology, screening, and treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158: 1301-1306. 10.1001\/archinte.158.12.1301.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"326_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.359","volume":"52","author":"AB Guttormsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Guttormsen AB, Ueland PM, Svarstad E, Refsum H: Kinetic basis of hyper homocysteinemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1997, 52: 495-502.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"326_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.1998.032","volume":"36","author":"L Norlund","year":"1998","unstructured":"Norlund L, Grubb A, Fex G, Leksell H, Nilsson JE, Schenck H, Hultberg B: The increase of plasma homocysteine concentrations with age is partly due to the deterioration of renal function as determined by plasma cystatin C. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998, 36: 175-178. 10.1515\/CCLM.1998.032.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"326_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.3025","volume":"126","author":"KL Tucker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tucker KL, Selhub J, Wilson PW, Rosenberg IH: Diatery pattern relates to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study. J Nutr. 1996, 126: 3025-3031.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.328","volume":"68","author":"DZ van Asselt","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Asselt DZ, de Groot LC, van Staveren WA, Blom HJ, Wevers RA, Biemond I, Hoefnagels WH: Role of cobalamin intake and atrophic gastritis in mild cobalamin deficiency in older Dutch subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998, 68: 328-334.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.2.4574","volume":"83","author":"EJ Giltay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Giltay EJ, Hoogeveen EK, Elbers JM, Gooren LJ, Asscheman H, Stehouwer CD: Effects of sex steroids on plasma total homocysteine levels: a study in transsexual males and females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 83: 550-553. 10.1210\/jc.83.2.550.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"326_CR42","first-page":"221","volume":"51","author":"DW Dawson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dawson DW, Waters HM: Malnutrition: folate and cobalamin deficiency. B J Biomed Sci. 1994, 51: 221-227.","journal-title":"B J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"326_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940200010","volume":"41","author":"A Misra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Misra A, Vikram NK, Pandey RM, Dwivedi M, Ahmad FU, Luthra K, Jain K, Khanna N, Devi JR, Sharma R, Guleria R: Hyperhomocysteinemia, and low intakes of folic acid and vitamin B12 in urban North India. Eur J Nutr. 2002, 41: 68-77. 10.1007\/s003940200010.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR44","volume-title":"Medscape Primary Care","author":"K Grauer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grauer K: Elevated homocysteine unresponsive to vitamins. Medscape Primary Care. 2003, 5: [http:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/449296]"},{"key":"326_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905133401901","volume":"340","author":"PF Jacques","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rosenberg IH: The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med. 1999, 340: 1449-1454. 10.1056\/NEJM199905133401901.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"326_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90133-A","volume":"338","author":"MRC Vitamin Research Group","year":"1991","unstructured":"MRC Vitamin Research Group: Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet. 1991, 338: 131-137. 10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90133-A.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"326_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530130055028","volume":"274","author":"CJ Boushey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG: A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. J Am Med Assoc. 1995, 274: 1049-1057. 10.1001\/jama.274.13.1049.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"326_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.129","volume":"130","author":"SW Choi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Choi SW, Mason JB: Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. J Nutr. 2000, 130: 129-132.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"326_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.221","volume":"77","author":"EP Quinlivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Quinlivan EP, Gregory JF: Effect of food fortification on folic acid intake in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 77: 221-225.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:57:00Z","timestamp":1728305820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-29","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"29"}}