{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:33:13Z","timestamp":1791495193933,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]],"date-time":"2007-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-rated health (SRH) is reported as a reliable predictor of disability and mortality in the aged population and has been studied worldwide to enhance the quality of life of the elderly. Nowadays, the elderly living alone, a particular population at great risk of suffering physical and mental health problems, is increasing rapidly in Japan and could potentially make up the majority of the aged population. However, few data are available pertaining to SRH of this population. Given the fact that sufficient healthcare is provided to the disabled elderly whereas there is little support for non-disabled elderly, we designed this population-based survey to investigate SRH of non-disabled elderly living alone and to identify the factors associated with good SRH with the purpose of aiding health promotion for the elderly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in a metropolitan suburb in Japan. Questionnaires pertaining to SRH and physical conditions, lifestyle factors, psychological status, and social activities, were distributed in October 2005 to individuals aged \u2265 65 years and living alone. Response rate was 75.1%. Among these respondents, a total of 600 male and 2587 female respondents were identified as non-disabled elderly living alone and became our subjects. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with good SRH and sex-specific effect was tested by stepwise logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Good SRH was reported by 69.8% of men and 73.8% of women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that good SRH correlated with, in odds ratio sequence, \"can go out alone to distant places\", no depression, no weight loss, absence of self-rated chronic disease, good chewing ability, and good visual ability in men; whereas with \"can go out alone to distant places\", absence of self-rated chronic disease, no weight loss, no depression, no risk of falling, independent IADL, good chewing ability, good visual ability, and social integration (attend) in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the non-disabled elderly living alone, sex-appropriate support should be considered by health promotion systems from the view point of SRH. Overall, the ability to go out alone to distant places is crucial to SRH of both men and women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,23]],"date-time":"2007-10-23T04:39:51Z","timestamp":1193114391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Factors associated with good self-rated health of non-disabled elderly living alone in Japan: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misuzu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Tanimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Shibutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahisa","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Usuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"908_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x","volume":"21","author":"KB DeSalvo","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeSalvo KB, Bloser N, Reynolds K, He J, Muntner P: Mortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2006, 21: 267-275. 10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"908_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.4.227","volume":"55","author":"S Heistaro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heistaro S, Jousilahti P, Lahelma E, Vartiainen E, Puska P: Self rated health and mortality: a long term prospective study in eastern Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001, 55: 227-232. 10.1136\/jech.55.4.227.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"908_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.9.874","volume":"152","author":"EL Idler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Idler EL, Russell LB, Davis D: Survival, functional limitations, and self-rated health in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1992. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 152: 874-883. 10.1093\/aje\/152.9.874.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"908_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(03)00052-3","volume":"34","author":"T Kawada","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kawada T: Self-rated health and life prognosis. Arch Med Res. 2003, 34: 343-347. 10.1016\/S0188-4409(03)00052-3.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"908_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/43.3.406","volume":"43","author":"N Spiers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spiers N, Jagger C, Clarke M, Arthur A: Are gender differences in the relationship between self-rated health and mortality enduring? Results from three birth cohorts in Melton Mowbray, United Kingdom. Gerontologist. 2003, 43: 406-411.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"908_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S224","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.4.S224","volume":"60","author":"J Liang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liang J, Shaw BA, Krause N, Bennett JM, Kobayashi E, Fukaya T, Sugihara Y: How does self-assessed health change with age? A study of older adults in Japan. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005, 60: S224-S232.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"908_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.15.155","volume":"15","author":"N Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang N, Iwasaki M, Otani T, Hayashi R, Miyazaki H, Xiao L, Sasazawa Y, Suzuki S, Koyama H, Sakamaki T: Perceived health as related to income, socio-economic status, lifestyle, and social support factors in a middle-aged Japanese. J Epidemiol. 2005, 15: 155-162. 10.2188\/jea.15.155.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"908_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01567.x","volume":"33","author":"Y Takata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takata Y, Ansai T, Awano S, Fukuhara M, Sonoki K, Wakisaka M, Fujisawa K, Akifusa S, Takehara T: Chewing ability and quality of life in an 80-year-old population. J Oral Rehabil. 2006, 33: 330-334. 10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01567.x.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"908_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.7.412","volume":"53","author":"J Damian","year":"1999","unstructured":"Damian J, Ruigomez A, Pastor V, Martin-Moreno JM: Determinants of self assessed health among Spanish older people living at home. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999, 53: 412-416.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"908_CR10","first-page":"49","volume":"41","author":"JJ Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Smith W: Vision and low self-rated health: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000, 41: 49-54.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"908_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V35N3p190","volume":"35","author":"JJ Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang JJ, Smith W, Cumming RG, Mitchell P: Variables determining perceived global health ranks: findings from a population-based study. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006, 35: 190-197.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"908_CR12","first-page":"A12","volume":"2","author":"PJ Lorraine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lorraine PJ, Hammock RL, Blanton JM: Predictors of self-rated health status among Texas residents. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005, 2: A12-","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"908_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.3.S153","volume":"61","author":"SV Subramanian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Subramanian SV, Kubzansky L, Berkman L, Fay M, Kawachi I: Neighborhood effects on the self-rated health of elders: uncovering the relative importance of structural and service-related neighborhood environments. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006, 61: S153-S160.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"908_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(03)00019-0","volume":"37","author":"ZN Kabir","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kabir ZN, Tishelman C, Aguero-Torres H, Chowdhury AM, Winblad B, Hojer B: Gender and rural-urban differences in reported health status by older people in Bangladesh. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2003, 37: 77-91. 10.1016\/S0167-4943(03)00019-0.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"908_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-2-20","volume":"2","author":"S Koukouli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koukouli S, Vlachonikolis IG, Philalithis A: Socio-demographic factors and self-reported functional status: the significance of social support. BMC Health Serv Res. 2002, 2: 20-10.1186\/1472-6963-2-20.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"908_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2005.12.008","volume":"20","author":"KS You","year":"2006","unstructured":"You KS, Lee H: The physical, mental, and emotional health of older people who are living alone or with relatives. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2006, 20: 193-201. 10.1016\/j.apnu.2005.12.008.","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"908_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P213","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.4.P213","volume":"61","author":"BM Van Gelder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Gelder BM, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Giampaoli S, Nissinen A, Kromhout D: Marital status and living situation during a 5-year period are associated with a subsequent 10-year cognitive decline in older men: the FINE Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006, 61: P213-P219.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"908_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(02)00081-X","volume":"36","author":"Y Fujiwara","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fujiwara Y, Shinkai S, Kumagai S, Amano H, Yoshida Y, Yoshida H, Kim H, Suzuki T, Ishizaki T, Haga H, Watanabe S, Shibata H: Longitudinal changes in higher-level functional capacity of an older population living in a Japanese urban community. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2003, 36: 141-153. 10.1016\/S0167-4943(02)00081-X.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"908_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031527","volume":"172","author":"SM Alibhai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alibhai SM, Greenwood C, Payette H: An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005, 172: 773-780.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"908_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1346","volume":"89","author":"BW Penninx","year":"1999","unstructured":"Penninx BW, Leveille S, Ferrucci L, van Eijk JT, Guralnik JM: Exploring the effect of depression on physical disability: longitudinal evidence from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Public Health. 1999, 89: 1346-1352.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"908_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.10078.x","volume":"105","author":"AT Beekman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beekman AT, Penninx BW, Deeg DJ, de Beurs E, Geerling SW, van Tilburg W: The impact of depression on the well-being, disability and use of services in older adults: a longitudinal perspective. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002, 105: 20-27. 10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.10078.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"908_CR22","first-page":"854","volume":"51","author":"M Watanabe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Watanabe M, Watanabe T, Kawamura K, Higuchi Y, Kono K: Individual background factors for \"cannot go out alone to distant places\" among medium elderly persons living alone in a metropolitan suburb. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2004, 51: 854-861.","journal-title":"Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi"},{"issue":"3","key":"908_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3143\/geriatrics.42.346","volume":"42","author":"K Toba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Toba K, Okochi J, Takahashi T, Matsubayashi K, Nishinaga M, Yamada S, Takahashi R, Nishijima R, Sasaki H: Development of a portable fall risk index for elderly people living in the community. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2005, 42 (3): 346-352. [Article in Japanese]","journal-title":"Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"908_CR24","first-page":"131","volume":"14","author":"K Ikebe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ikebe K, Sajima H, Namba H, Ono T, Yamamoto M, Yasui S, Kita S, Kibi M, Nokubi T: Oral and general health in the independent elderly. Part2: Relation between mastication and general disease. Jpn J Gerodontology. 1999, 14: 131-138. [Article in Japanese]","journal-title":"Jpn J Gerodontology"},{"key":"908_CR25","first-page":"119","volume":"20","author":"M Kuzuya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuzuya M: Malnutrition in geriatric patients. Ronen Hagaku. 2005, 20: 119-123. [Article in Japanese]","journal-title":"Ronen Hagaku"},{"key":"908_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2007.00317.x","volume":"9","author":"M Azegami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Azegami M, Ohira M, Miyoshi K, Kobayashi C, Hongo M, Yanagihashi R, Sadoyama T: Effect of single and multi-joint lower extremity muscle strength on the functional capacity and ADL\/IADL status in Japanese community-dwelling older adults. Nurs Health Sci. 2007, 9: 168-176. 10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2007.00317.x.","journal-title":"Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"908_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03848.x","volume":"47","author":"MT Hoyl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, Josephson KR, Pietruszka FM, Koelfgen M, Mervis JR, Fitten LJ, Rubenstein LZ: Development and testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999, 47: 873-878.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"908_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2003.00216.x","volume":"51","author":"P Rinaldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rinaldi P, Mecocci P, Benedetti C, Ercolani S, Bregnocchi M, Menculini G, Catani M, Senin U, Cherubini A: Validation of the five-item geriatric depression scale in elderly subjects in three different settings. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003, 51: 694-698. 10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2003.00216.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"908_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2005.00292.x","volume":"5","author":"K Kawamura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kawamura K, Watanabe M, Watanabe T, Tanimoto Y, Matsuura T, Kono K: Incidence of disability in housebound elderly people in a rural community in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2005, 5: 234-241. 10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2005.00292.x.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"908_CR30","first-page":"424","volume":"26","author":"H Yokoyama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yokoyama H, Haga H, Yasumura S, Imuta H, Ueki S, Shimanuki H, Itou T: Study on characteristics of house-bound elderly with declined outing: From the difference in the level of ADL. Jpn J Gerontology. 2005, 26: 424-437. [Article in Japanese]","journal-title":"Jpn J Gerontology"},{"key":"908_CR31","first-page":"443","volume":"13","author":"H Imuta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Imuta H, Yasumura S, Abe H, Fukao A: The prevalence and psychosocial characteristics of the frail elderly in Japan: a community-based study. Aging (Milano). 2001, 13: 443-453.","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"key":"908_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x","volume":"113","author":"JK Djernes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Djernes JK: Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006, 113: 372-387. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"908_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3143\/geriatrics.29.179","volume":"29","author":"K Yamashita","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yamashita K, Kobayashi S, Tsunematsu T: Depressed mood and subjective sensation well-being in the elderly living alone on Oki island in Shimane prefecture. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 1992, 29 (3): 179-184. [Article in Japanese]","journal-title":"Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"908_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.2.S93","volume":"58","author":"MV Zunzunegui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zunzunegui MV, Alvarado BE, Del Ser T, Otero A: Social networks, social integration, and social engagement determine cognitive decline in community-dwelling Spanish older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003, 58: S93-S100.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"908_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.6.1208","volume":"31","author":"M Iwasaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iwasaki M, Otani T, Sunaga R, Miyazaki H, Xiao L, Wang N, Yosiaki S, Suzuki S: Social networks and mortality based on the Komo-Ise cohort study in Japan. Int J Epidemiol. 2002, 31: 1208-1218. 10.1093\/ije\/31.6.1208.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"908_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.005","volume":"58","author":"MV Zunzunegui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zunzunegui MV, Kone A, Johri M, Beland F, Wolfson C, Bergman H: Social networks and self-rated health in two French-speaking Canadian community dwelling populations over 65. Soc Sci Med. 2004, 58: 2069-2081. 10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.005.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T13:33:11Z","timestamp":1684071191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 January 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2007","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2007","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"297"}}