{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:50:57Z","timestamp":1778809857120,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]],"date-time":"2008-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]],"date-time":"2008-04-04T18:13:22Z","timestamp":1207332802000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and foreign birth in North Carolina, 1993 \u2013 2006"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aaron M","family":"Kipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason E","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol Dukes","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Van Rie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1077_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507273330406","volume":"333","author":"TR Frieden","year":"1995","unstructured":"Frieden TR, Fujiwara PI, Washko RM, Hamburg MA: Tuberculosis in New York City\u2013turning the tide. N Engl J Med. 1995, 333: 229-233. 10.1056\/NEJM199507273330406.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1077_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520070055038","volume":"272","author":"MF Cantwell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cantwell MF, Snider DE, Cauthen GM, Onorato IM: Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985 through 1992. Jama. 1994, 272: 535-539. 10.1001\/jama.272.7.535.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"1077_CR3","volume-title":"Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2006","author":"CDC","year":"2007","unstructured":"CDC: Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2006. 2007, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"1077_CR4","volume-title":"Tuberculosis in the United States, 1981\u20131984","author":"CDC","year":"1986","unstructured":"CDC: Tuberculosis in the United States, 1981\u20131984. 1986, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"1077_CR5","volume-title":"Tuberulosis Statistics in the United States, 1992","author":"CDC","year":"1994","unstructured":"CDC: Tuberulosis Statistics in the United States, 1992. 1994, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"1077_CR6","volume-title":"Reported Tuberculosis in the United States (for years 1993\u20131996)","author":"CDC","year":"1997","unstructured":"CDC: Reported Tuberculosis in the United States (for years 1993\u20131996). 1997, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"1077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.3.570","volume":"136","author":"RE Chaisson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chaisson RE, Schecter GF, Theuer CP, Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, Hopewell PC: Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987, 136: 570-574.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1086\/380448","volume":"38","author":"A Ong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ong A, Creasman J, Hopewell PC, Gonzalez LC, Wong M, Jasmer RM, Daley CL: A molecular epidemiological assessment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 38: 25-31. 10.1086\/380448.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021828321167","volume":"1","author":"LA Wilberschied","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilberschied LA, Kaye K, Fujiwara PI, Frieden TR: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis among foreign-born patients, New York City, 1995 to 1996. J Immigr Health. 1999, 1: 65-75. 10.1023\/A:1021828321167.","journal-title":"J Immigr Health"},{"key":"1077_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/380644","volume":"38","author":"Z Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang Z, Kong Y, Wilson F, Foxman B, Fowler AH, Marrs CF, Cave MD, Bates JH: Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 38: 199-205. 10.1086\/380644.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.1.87","volume":"165","author":"IM Onorato","year":"1992","unstructured":"Onorato IM, McCray E: Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending tuberculosis clinics in the United States. J Infect Dis. 1992, 165: 87-92.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.2.347","volume":"141","author":"HL Rieder","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rieder HL, Snider DE, Cauthen GM: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990, 141: 347-351.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.22.2894","volume":"284","author":"EA Talbot","year":"2000","unstructured":"Talbot EA, Moore M, McCray E, Binkin NJ: Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1993\u20131998. Jama. 2000, 284: 2894-2900. 10.1001\/jama.284.22.2894.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"1077_CR14","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"S Greenland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greenland S, Rothman KJ: Introduction to Stratified Analysis. Modern Epidemiology. Edited by: Rothman KJ, Greenland S. 1998, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 253-279. 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1077_CR15","volume-title":"Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text","author":"DG Kleinbaum","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kleinbaum DG, Klein M: Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. 2002, New York: Springer, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1077_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813","volume":"138","author":"G Maldonado","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maldonado G, Greenland S: Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies. Am J Epidemiol. 1993, 138: 923-936.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1077_CR17","first-page":"288","volume":"9","author":"H Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang H, Field SK, Fisher DA, Cowie RL: Tuberculosis in Calgary, Canada, 1995\u20132002: site of disease and drug susceptibility. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005, 9: 288-293.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR18","first-page":"159","volume":"1","author":"RL Cowie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cowie RL, Sharpe JW: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: a high frequency in the absence of HIV infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997, 1: 159-162.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.176","volume":"119","author":"R Kempainen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kempainen R, Nelson K, Williams DN, Hedemark L: Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease in Somali immigrants in Minnesota. Chest. 2001, 119: 176-180. 10.1378\/chest.119.1.176.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1147OC","volume":"171","author":"Z Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang Z, Yang D, Kong Y, Zhang L, Marrs CF, Foxman B, Bates JH, Wilson F, Cave MD: Clinical relevance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plcD gene mutations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171: 1436-1442. 10.1164\/rccm.200408-1147OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1077_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904010-00002","volume":"45","author":"EG Hoal-Van Helden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoal-Van Helden EG, Epstein J, Victor TC, Hon D, Lewis LA, Beyers N, Zurakowski D, Ezekowitz AB, Van Helden PD: Mannose-binding protein B allele confers protection against tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Res. 1999, 45: 459-464. 10.1203\/00006450-199904010-00002.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"1077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.12.1863","volume":"189","author":"RJ Wilkinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilkinson RJ, Patel P, Llewelyn M, Hirsch CS, Pasvol G, Snounou G, Davidson RN, Toossi Z: Influence of polymorphism in the genes for the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1beta on tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 1999, 189: 1863-1874. 10.1084\/jem.189.12.1863.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"1077_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2005.03.001","volume":"86","author":"MI Henao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henao MI, Montes C, Paris SC, Garcia LF: Cytokine gene polymorphisms in Colombian patients with different clinical presentations of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2006, 86: 11-19. 10.1016\/j.tube.2005.03.001.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"1077_CR24","first-page":"370","volume":"7","author":"JH Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim JH, Lee SY, Lee SH, Sin C, Shim JJ, In KH, Yoo SH, Kang KH: NRAMP1 genetic polymorphisms as a risk factor of tuberculous pleurisy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003, 7: 370-375.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-970OC","volume":"175","author":"SL Fernando","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernando SL, Saunders BM, Sluyter R, Skarratt KK, Goldberg H, Marks GB, Wiley JS, Britton WJ: A polymorphism in the P2X7 gene increases susceptibility to extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007, 175: 360-366. 10.1164\/rccm.200607-970OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1077_CR26","first-page":"485","volume":"9","author":"A Kwara","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwara A, Roahen-Harrison S, Prystowsky E, Kissinger R, Adams R, Mathison J, Hyslop NE: Manifestations and outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: impact of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005, 9: 485-493.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-217","volume":"6","author":"JE Sprinson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sprinson JE, Lawton ES, Porco TC, Flood JM, Westenhouse JL: Assessing the validity of tuberculosis surveillance data in California. BMC Public Health. 2006, 6: 217-10.1186\/1471-2458-6-217.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1077_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199111000-00004","volume":"70","author":"RW Shafer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shafer RW, Kim DS, Weiss JP, Quale JM: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medicine (Baltimore). 1991, 70: 384-397.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1077_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1292","volume":"148","author":"BE Jones","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jones BE, Young SM, Antoniskis D, Davidson PT, Kramer F, Barnes PF: Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993, 148: 1292-1297.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490120095035","volume":"268","author":"KM De Cock","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Cock KM, Soro B, Coulibaly IM, Lucas SB: Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Jama. 1992, 268: 1581-1587. 10.1001\/jama.268.12.1581.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"1077_CR31","first-page":"719","volume":"85","author":"M Dupon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dupon M, Ragnaud JM: Tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. A retrospective multicentre study of 123 cases in France. The Groupe des Infectiologues du Sud de la France. Q J Med. 1992, 85: 719-730.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"1077_CR32","first-page":"149","volume":"82","author":"JM Llibre","year":"1992","unstructured":"Llibre JM, Tor J, Manterola JM, Carbonell C, Roset J: Risk stratification for dissemination of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. Q J Med. 1992, 82: 149-157.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"1077_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90078-X","volume":"73","author":"C Perronne","year":"1992","unstructured":"Perronne C, Ghoubontni A, Leport C, Salmon-Ceron D, Bricaire F, Vilde JL: Should pulmonary tuberculosis be an AIDS-defining diagnosis in patients infected with HIV?. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992, 73: 39-44. 10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90078-X.","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T23:23:47Z","timestamp":1548199427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-8-107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,4]]},"article-number":"107"}}