{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T19:49:54Z","timestamp":1687636194189},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,23]],"date-time":"2008-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Few epidemiologic studies have attempted to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis in middle-aged Asian men. We performed this study to determine the prevalence and risk factors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in this population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July, 2004. The subjects were 2,073 males aged from 40 to 59 years in the KHNP (Korea Hydro &amp; Nuclear Power) workplace-based cohort. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by peripheral, dual-energy, X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the calcaneus. Anthropometric and lifestyle factors were investigated using a standard, self-reported questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>BMD was 0.60 \u00b1 0.09 g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) and was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.18, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), but positively correlated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; r = 0.15, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), body fat (r = 0.10, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), BMI (r = 0.35, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), height (r = 0.26, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and weight (r = 0.43, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>In multiple linear regression analysis, the independent determinants associated with BMD were increasing age (coefficient = -0.002, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), physical activity (\u2264 2\/week vs. \u2265 3\/week; coefficient = 0.017, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), WHR (coefficient = -0.796, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), body mass index (BMI; coefficient = 0.023, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and smoking status (never vs. ever; coefficient = -0.018, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We suggest that BMD of the calcaneus is correlated negatively with exposure to smoke and increased WHR, but positively with regular exercise and increased BMI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,23]],"date-time":"2008-07-23T06:14:16Z","timestamp":1216793656000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk factors for bone mineral density at the calcaneus in 40\u201359 year-old male workers: A cross-sectional study in Korea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Ju","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo-Geun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong-Soon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1223_CR1","unstructured":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. 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