{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T05:04:39Z","timestamp":1755925479284},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,17]],"date-time":"2009-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234828800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Anaemia is an important problem amongst young children living in rural India. However, there has not previously been a detailed study of the biological aetiology of this anaemia, exploring the relative contributions of iron, vitamin B12, folate and Vitamin A deficiency, inflammation, genetic haemoglobinopathy, hookworm and malaria. Nor have studies related these aetiologic biological factors to household food security, standard of living and child feeding practices. Barriers to conducting such work have included perceived reluctance of village communities to permit their children to undergo venipuncture, and logistical issues. We have successfully completed a community based, cross sectional field study exploring in detail the causes of anaemia amongst young children in a rural setting.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and design<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cross sectional, community based study. We engaged in extensive community consultation and tailored our study design to the outcomes of these discussions. We utilised local women as field workers, harnessing the capacity of local health workers to assist with the study. We adopted a programmatic approach with a census rather than random sampling strategy in the village, incorporating appropriate case management for children identified to have anaemia. We developed a questionnaire based on existing standard measurement tools for standard of living, food security and nutrition. Specimen processing was conducted at the Primary Health Centre laboratory prior to transport to an urban research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Adopting this study design, we have recruited 415 of 470 potentially eligible children who were living in the selected villages. We achieved support from the community and cooperation of local health workers. Our results will improve the understanding into anaemia amongst young children in rural India. However, many further studies are required to understand the health problems of the population of rural India, and our study design and technique provide a useful demonstration of a successful strategy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]],"date-time":"2009-02-18T07:12:55Z","timestamp":1234941175000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A community based field research project investigating anaemia amongst young children living in rural Karnataka, India: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sant-Rayn","family":"Pasricha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varalaxmi","family":"Vijaykumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NS","family":"Prashanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Sudarshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beverley-Ann","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Shet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1462_CR1","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005\u201306","author":"IIPS","year":"2007","unstructured":"IIPS: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005\u201306. 2007, Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International, I:"},{"key":"1462_CR2","unstructured":"Fact Sheet Karnataka. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3). 2005, Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences"},{"key":"1462_CR3","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) 1998\u201399","author":"IIPS","year":"2000","unstructured":"IIPS: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) 1998\u201399. 2000, Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro"},{"key":"1462_CR4","first-page":"136","volume":"39","author":"D Kapur","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kapur D, Agarwal KN, Sharma S, Kela K, Kaur I: Iron status of children aged 9\u201336 months in an urban slum Integrated Child Development Services Project in Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2002, 39: 136-144.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"1462_CR5","first-page":"269","volume":"107","author":"S Gomber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gomber S, Kumar S, Rusia U, Gupta P, Agarwal KN, Sharma S: Prevalence & etiology of nutritional anaemias in early childhood in an urban slum. Indian J Med Res. 1998, 107: 269-273.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1302","volume":"86","author":"S Taneja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taneja S, Bhandari N, Strand TA, Sommerfelt H, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Schneede J, Bahl R, Bhan MK: Cobalamin and folate status in infants and young children in a low-to-middle income community in India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 86 (5): 1302-1309.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072727","volume":"358","author":"JCJ Calis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Calis JCJ, Phiri KS, Faragher EB, Brabin BJ, Bates I, Cuevas LE, de Haan RJ, Phiri AI, Malange P, Khoka M: Severe Anemia in Malawian Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008, 358 (9): 888-10.1056\/NEJMoa072727.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"1462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurlow R, Winichagoon P, Green T, Wasantwisut E, Pongcharoen T, Bailey KB, Gibson RS: Only a small proportion of anemia in northeast Thai schoolchildren is associated with iron deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005, 380-387. 82","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.82.2.380"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR9","first-page":"477","volume":"40","author":"P Singh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Singh P, Toteja GS: Micronutrient profile of Indian children and women: summary of available data for iron and vitamin A. Indian Pediatr. 2003, 40 (5): 477-479.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"1462_CR10","unstructured":"Primary Health Care Resources in India. [http:\/\/www.whoindia.org\/LinkFiles\/Health_Systems_Development_Primary_Health_Care_Primary_health_care_resources_.pdf]"},{"key":"1462_CR11","unstructured":"PHC Monthly Data \u2013 November 2007. 2008, Bangalore: The Karuna Trust"},{"key":"1462_CR12","unstructured":"Universal Currency Calculater. [http:\/\/xe.com]"},{"key":"1462_CR13","volume-title":"Karnataka: Performance, Facts and Figures","author":"L Bhandari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhandari L, Kale S: Karnataka: Performance, Facts and Figures. 2007, Delhi: Indicus Analytics"},{"issue":"7212","key":"1462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7212.774","volume":"319","author":"AC Macaulay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Macaulay AC, Commanda LE, Freeman WL, Gibson N, McCabe ML, Robbins CM, Twohig PL: Participatory research maximises community and lay involvement. BMJ. 1999, 319 (7212): 774-778.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1462_CR15","unstructured":"random.org. [http:\/\/www.random.org\/sequences\/]"},{"key":"1462_CR16","volume-title":"Academy for Educational Development","author":"J Coates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide. Academy for Educational Development. 2007, Washington DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA)"},{"key":"1462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.5.1449S","volume":"136","author":"A Swindale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swindale A, Bilinsky P: Development of a Universally Applicable Household Food Insecurity Measurement Tool: Process, Current Status, and Outstanding Issues. J Nutr. 2006, 136: 1449S-1452S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1462_CR18","volume-title":"Nutritive Value of Indian Foods","author":"C Gopalan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gopalan C, Sastri BR, Balasubramanian S: Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. 1971, Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad"},{"issue":"1","key":"1462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.1.217","volume":"17","author":"CH Horst","year":"1988","unstructured":"Horst CH, Obermann-De Boer GL, Kromhout D: Validity of the 24-Hour Recall Method in Infancy: The Leiden Pre-School Children Study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1988, 17 (1): 217-221. 10.1093\/ije\/17.1.217.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.407","volume":"88","author":"JO Fisher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fisher JO, Butte NF, Mendoza PM, Wilson TA, Hodges EA, Reidy KC, Deming D: Overestimation of infant and toddler energy intake by 24-h recall compared with weighed food records. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008, 88 (2): 407-","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"4","key":"1462_CR21","first-page":"880","volume":"125","author":"MTA Olinto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Olinto MTA, Victora CG, Barros FC, Gigante DP: Twenty-Four-Hour Recall Overestimates the Dietary Intake of Malnourished Children. Journal of Nutrition. 1995, 125 (4): 880-","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"1462_CR22","volume-title":"DHS Comparative Reports No 6","author":"SO Rutstein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rutstein SO, Johnson K: The DHS Wealth Index. DHS Comparative Reports No 6. 2004, Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro"},{"issue":"2","key":"1462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/2648118","volume":"37","author":"MR Montgomery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Montgomery MR, Michele Gragnolati, Burke KA, Paredes E: Measuring Living Standards with Proxy Variables. Demography. 2000, 37 (2): 155-174. 10.2307\/2648118.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"1462_CR24","unstructured":"The WHO Child Growth Standards. 2006, Geneva: Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization"},{"key":"1462_CR25","unstructured":"Assessing the iron status of populations: Report of a Joint World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron status at the population level. 2004, Geneva: WHO\/CDC"},{"key":"1462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1309\/C0NM-Q7R0-LL2E-B3UY","volume":"113","author":"S Narayanan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Narayanan S: The Preanalytic Phase: An Important Component of Laboratory Medicine. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000, 113: 429-452. 10.1309\/C0NM-Q7R0-LL2E-B3UY.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.5858\/2002-126-0336-CIACBC","volume":"126","author":"GL Gulati","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gulati GL, Hyland LJ, Kocher W, Schwarting R: Changes in Automated Complete Blood Cell Count and Differential Leukocyte Count Results Induced by Storage of Blood at Room Temperature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004, 126 (3): 336-342.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"1462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.02.038","volume":"346","author":"M Buttarello","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buttarello M: Quality specification in haematology: the automated blood cell count. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004, 346: 45-54. 10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.02.038.","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"1462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/28.1.164","volume":"28","author":"NP Kubasik","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kubasik NP, Ricotta M, Hunter T, Sine HE: Effect of Duration and Temperature of Storage on Serum Analyte Stability: Examination of 14 Selected Radioimmunoassay Procedures. Clin Chem. 1982, 28 (1): 164-165.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"1462_CR30","first-page":"249","volume":"27","author":"G Komaromy-Hiller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Komaromy-Hiller G, Nuttall KL, Ashwood ER: Effect of storage on serum vitamin B12 and folate stability. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1997, 27 (4): 249-253.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"1462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.108761","volume":"54","author":"Bakary S Drammeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drammeh Bakary, Schleicher Rosemary, Pfeiffer Christine, Jain Ram, Zhang Mindy, Hong Nguyen Phuong: Effects of Delayed Sample Processing and Freezing on Serum Concentrations of Selected Nutritional Indicators. Clin Chem. 2008, 54: 1883-1891. 10.1373\/clinchem.2008.108761.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.594","volume":"73","author":"MV Gamble","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gamble MV, Ramakrishnan R, Palafox NA, Briand K, Berglund L, Blaner WS: Retinol binding protein as a surrogate measure for serum retinol: studies in vitamin A-deficient children from the Republic of the Marshall Islands. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001, 73 (3): 594-","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"1462_CR33","volume-title":"Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites","author":"LR Ash","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ash LR, Orihel TC, Savioli L, World Health O: Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. 1994, World Health Organization Geneva"},{"key":"1462_CR34","volume-title":"Research Methods","author":"DH McBurney","year":"2007","unstructured":"McBurney DH, White TL: Research Methods. 2007, Thomson Wadsworth, 7","edition":"7"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T09:58:25Z","timestamp":1630490305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-59","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"59"}}