{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:24:38Z","timestamp":1777422278022,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]],"date-time":"2012-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339113600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It has been indicated that moderate or high dose of X-irradiation could delay fracture union and cause osteoradionecrosis, in part, mediated by its effect on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. However, whether low dose irradiation (LDI) has similar roles on osteoblasts is still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether and to what extent LDI could affect the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to single dose of X-irradiation with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0\u2009Gy respectively. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization was evaluated by methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay, flow cytometry, ALP viability kit and von Kossa staining, respectively. Osteocalcin (OCN) and core-binding factor \u03b11 (Cbf\u03b11) expressions were measured by real time-PCR and western blot, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The proliferation of the cells exposed to 2.0\u2009Gy was significantly lower than those exposed to \u22641.0\u2009Gy (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) from Day 4 to Day 8, measured by MTT assay and BrdU incorporation. For cells exposed to \u22641.0\u2009Gy, increasing dosages of X-irradiation had no significant effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Importantly, LDI of 0.5 and 1\u2009Gy increased ALP activities and mineralized nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, mRNA and protein expressions of OCN and Cbf\u03b11 were also markedly increased after treatment with LDI at 0.5 and 1\u2009Gy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>LDI have different effects on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from those of high dose of X-irradiation, which might suggest that LDI could lead to promotion of frature healing through enhancing the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]],"date-time":"2012-06-13T10:21:24Z","timestamp":1339582884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The effects of low dose X-irradiation on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Tao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zong Gang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi Rong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1398_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.18.5.9747611","volume":"18","author":"MJ Mitchell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitchell MJ, Logan PM: Radiation-induced changes in bone. Radiographics. 1998, 18: 1125-1136.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1398_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000229250.69369.ac","volume":"31","author":"FT Gebhard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gebhard FT, Kraus MD, Schneider E, Liener UC, Kinzl L, Arand M: Does computer-assisted spine surgery reduce intraoperative radiation doses?. Spine. 2006, 31: 2024-2027. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000229250.69369.ac.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"1398_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E884","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000244586.02151.18","volume":"31","author":"NT Fitousi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fitousi NT, Efstathopoulos EP, Delis HB, Kottou S, Kelekis AD, Panayiotakis GS: Patient and staff dosimetry in vertebroplasty. Spine. 2006, 31: E884-E889. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000244586.02151.18.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"1398_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3109\/17453670903350057","volume":"80","author":"G Kirousis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirousis G, Delis H, Megas P, Lambiris E, Panayiotakis G: Dosimetry during intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Acta Orthop. 2009, 80: 568-572. 10.3109\/17453670903350057.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"1398_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0634-6","volume":"129","author":"XZ Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou XZ, Zhang G, Dong QR, Chan CW, Liu CF, Qin L: Low-dose X-irradiation promotes mineralization of fracture callus in a rat model. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009, 129: 125-132. 10.1007\/s00402-008-0634-6.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"1398_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.013","volume":"42","author":"A Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann A, Ritz U, Hessmann MH, Schmid C, Tresch A, Rompe JD, Meurer A, Rommens PM: Cell viability, osteoblast differentiation, and gene expression are altered in human osteoblasts from hypertrophic fracture non-unions. Bone. 2008, 42: 894-906. 10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.013.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"1398_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1498","volume":"105","author":"MO Laukkanen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laukkanen MO, Kuramoto K, Calmels B, Takatoku M, von Kalle C, Donahue RE, Dunbar CE: Low-dose total body irradiation causes clonal fluctuation of primate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood. 2005, 105: 1010-1015.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1398_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050959","volume":"202","author":"B Heissig","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heissig B, Raffi S, Akiyama H, Ohki Y, Sato Y, Rafael T, Zhu Z, Hicklin DJ, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Werb Z, Hattori K: Low-dose irradiation promotes tissue revascularization through VEGF release from mast cells and MMP-9-mediated progenitor cell mobilization. J Exp Med. 2005, 202: 739-750. 10.1084\/jem.20050959.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"1398_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.08.023","volume":"191","author":"K Yamasaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamasaki K, Hagiwara H: Excess iron inhibits osteoblast metabolism. Toxicol Lett. 2009, 191: 211-215. 10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.08.023.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"1398_CR10","first-page":"936","volume":"47","author":"J Carmichael","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carmichael J, DeGraff WG, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Mitchell JB: Evaluation of a tetrazolium-based semiautomated colorimetric assay: assessment of chemosensitivity testing. Cancer Res. 1987, 47: 936-942.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1398_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-8-51","volume":"8","author":"I Kanazawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Yano S, Yamauchi M, Yamamoto M, Sugimoto T: Adiponectin and AMP kinase activator stimulate proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. BMC Cell Biol. 2007, 8: 51-10.1186\/1471-2121-8-51.","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol"},{"key":"1398_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.03.009","volume":"41","author":"Z Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu Z, Choudhary S, Okada Y, Voznesensky O, Alander C, Raisz L, Pilbeam C: Cyclooxygenase-2 gene disruption promotes proliferation of murine calvarial osteoblasts in vitro. Bone. 2007, 41: 68-76. 10.1016\/j.bone.2007.03.009.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"1398_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71242-8","volume":"207","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Roberts NR, Wu ML, Hixon WS, Crawford EJ: The quantitative histochemistry of brain. II. Enzyme measurements. J Biol Chem. 1954, 207: 19-37.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1398_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556874","volume":"3","author":"CG Bellows","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bellows CG, Aubin JE, Heersche JN, Antosz ME: Mineralized bone nodules formed in vitro from enzymatically released rat calvaria cell populations. Calcif Tissue Int. 1986, 3: 143-154.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"1398_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(\u2212Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001, 25: 402-408. 10.1006\/meth.2001.1262.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"1398_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.9.1124","volume":"126","author":"TJ Gal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gal TJ, Munoz-Antonia T, Muro-Cacho CA, Klotch DW: Radiation effects on osteoblasts in vitro: a potential role in osteoradionecrosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000, 126: 1124-1128.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1398_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0b013e31814c916f","volume":"18","author":"A Gevorgyan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gevorgyan A, La Scala GC, Sukhu B, Leung IT, Ashrafpour H, Yeung I, Neligan PC, Pang CY, Forrest CR: An in vitro model of radiation-induced craniofacial bone growth inhibition. J Craniofac Surg. 2007, 18: 1044-1050. 10.1097\/scs.0b013e31814c916f.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"1398_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900129","volume":"59","author":"S Matsumura","year":"1996","unstructured":"Matsumura S, Jikko A, Hiranuma H, Deguchi A, Fuchihata H: Effect of x-ray irradiation on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996, 59: 307-309. 10.1007\/s002239900129.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"1398_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199106000-00002","volume":"26","author":"HB Evans","year":"1991","unstructured":"Evans HB, Brown S, Hurst LN: The effects of early postoperative radiation on vascularized bone grafts. Ann Plast Surg. 1991, 26: 505-510. 10.1097\/00000637-199106000-00002.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"1398_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199405000-00014","volume":"76","author":"S Takahashi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Takahashi S, Sugimoto M, Kotoura Y, Sasai K, Oka M, Yamamuro T: Long-term changes in the haversian systems following high-dose irradiation, an ultrastructural and quantitative histomorphological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994, 76: 722-738.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"1398_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181845931","volume":"122","author":"A Gevorgyan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gevorgyan A, Sukhu B, Alman BA, Bristow RG, Pang CY, Forrest CR: Radiation effects and radioprotection in MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial osteoblastic cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008, 122: 1025-1035. 10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181845931.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"1398_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200010000-00015","volume":"106","author":"ME Dudziak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dudziak ME, Saadeh PB, Mehrara BJ, Steinbrech DS, Greenwald JA, Gittes GK: The effects of ionizing radiation on osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000, 106: 1049-1061. 10.1097\/00006534-200010000-00015.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"1398_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2307\/3579786","volume":"149","author":"S Matsumura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matsumura S, Hiranuma H, Deguchi A, Maeda T, Jikko A, Fuchihata H: Changes in phenotypic expression of osteoblasts after X irradiation. Radiat Res. 1998, 149: 463-471. 10.2307\/3579786.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"1398_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.07012","volume":"6","author":"T Sakurai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sakurai T, Sawada Y, Yoshimoto M, Kawai M, Miyakoshi J: Radiation-induced reduction of osteoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells. J Radiat Res. 2007, 6: 515-521.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"1398_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00663.x","volume":"4","author":"J Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li J, Kwong DL, Chan GC: The effects of various irradiation doses on the growth and differentiation of marrow-derived human mesenchymal stromal cells. Pediatr Transplant. 2007, 4: 379-387.","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"1398_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31737","volume":"86","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Sampair C, Nazmul-Hossain AN, Khurana N, Nerness A, Wutticharoenmongkol P: Therapeutic doses of radiation alter proliferation and attachment of osteoblasts to implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008, 86: 926-934.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"1398_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1996.76.2.593","volume":"76","author":"GS Stein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stein GS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Wijnen AJV, Montecino M: Transcriptional control of osteoblast growth and differentiation. Physiol Rev. 1996, 76: 593-629.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1398_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041430304","volume":"143","author":"TA Owen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Owen TA, Aronow M, Shalhoub V, Barone LM, Wilming L, Tassinari MS, Kennedy MB, Pockwinse S, Lian JB, Stein GS: Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype in vitro: Reciprocal relationships in expression of genes associated with osteoblast proliferation and differentiation during formation of the bone extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol. 1990, 143: 420-430. 10.1002\/jcp.1041430304.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1398_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041580302","volume":"158","author":"S Fukayama","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fukayama S, Tashjian AH: Involvement of alkaline phosphatase in the modulation of receptor signaling in osteoblast: Evidence for a difference between human parathyroid hormone-related protein and human parathyroid hormone. J Cell Physiol. 1994, 158: 391-397. 10.1002\/jcp.1041580302.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1398_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1006\/cbir.1996.0060","volume":"20","author":"Y Torii","year":"1996","unstructured":"Torii Y, Hitomi K, Yamagishi Y, Tsukagoshi N: Demonstration of alkaline phosphatase participation in the mineralization of osteoblasts by antisense RNA approach. Cell Biol Int. 1996, 20: 459-464. 10.1006\/cbir.1996.0060.","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"1398_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44995","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306730200","volume":"278","author":"CA Luppen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Luppen CA, Leclerc N, Noh T, Barski A, Khokhar A, Boskey AL, Smith E, Frenkel B: Brief bone morphogenetic protein 2 treatment of glucocorticoid-inhibited MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts rescues commitment-associated cell cycle and mineralization without alteration of Runx2. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 44995-45003. 10.1074\/jbc.M306730200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1398_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1989.69.3.990","volume":"69","author":"PV Hauschka","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Cole DE, Gundberg CM: Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: Vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiol Rev. 1989, 69: 990-1047.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1398_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(97)00113-6","volume":"30","author":"RH Christenson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Christenson RH: Biochemical markers of bone metabolism: an overview. Clin Biochem. 1997, 30: 573-593. 10.1016\/S0009-9120(97)00113-6.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"1398_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.6.893","volume":"14","author":"D Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang D, Christensen K, Chawla K, Xiao G, Krebsbach PH, Franceschi RT: Isolation and characterization of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast subclones with distinct in vitro and in vivo differentiation\/mineralization potential. J Bone Miner Res. 1999, 14: 893-903. 10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.6.893.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1398_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80257-3","volume":"89","author":"P Ducy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ducy P, Zhang R, Geoffroy V, Ridall AL, Karsenty G: Osf2\/Cbf\u03b11: A transcriptional activate or of osteoblast differentiation. Cell. 1997, 89: 747-754. 10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80257-3.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1398_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.8.9955","volume":"11","author":"G Xiao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Xiao G, Cui Y, Ducy P, Karsenty G, Franceschi RT: Ascorbic acid-dependent activation of the osteocalcin promoter in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts: Requirement for collagen matrix synthesis and the presence of an intact OSE2 sequence. Mol Endocrinol. 1997, 11: 1103-1113. 10.1210\/me.11.8.1103.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"1398_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80258-5","volume":"89","author":"T Komori","year":"1997","unstructured":"Komori T, Yagi H, Nomura S, Yamaguchi A, Sasaki K, Deguchi K, Shimizu Y, Bronson RT, Gao YH, Inada M, Sato M, Okamoto R, Kitamura Y, Yoshiki S, Kishimoto T: Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell. 1997, 89: 755-764. 10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80258-5.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1398_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2981","volume":"273","author":"H Kobayashi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kobayashi H, Gao Y, Ueta C, Yamaguchi A, Komori T: Multilineage differentiation of Cbfa1-deficient calvarial cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000, 273: 630-636. 10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2981.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1398_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/095530000138745","volume":"76","author":"S Ikeda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ikeda S, Hachisu R, Yamaguchi A, Gao YH, Okano T: Radiation retards muscle differentiation but does not affect osteoblastic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein- 2 in C2C12 myoblasts. Int J Radiat Biol. 2000, 76: 403-411. 10.1080\/095530000138745.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"1398_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00002425","volume":"177","author":"O Koelbl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koelbl O, Knaus P, Pohl F, Flentje M, Sebald W: Radiationinduced reduction of BMP-induced proteoglycan synthesis in an embryonal mesenchymal tissue equivalent using the chicken \u201climb bud\u201d test. Strahlenther Onkol. 2001, 177: 432-436. 10.1007\/PL00002425.","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"1398_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0345:RISOTB]2.0.CO;2","volume":"159","author":"F Pohl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pohl F, Hassel S, Nohe A, Flentje M, Knaus P, Sebald W, Koelbl O: Radiation-induced suppression of the Bmp2 signal transduction pathway in the pluripotent mesenchymal cell line C2C12: An in vitro model for prevention of heterotopic ossification by radiotherapy. Radiat Res. 2003, 159: 345-350. 10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0345:RISOTB]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"1398_CR42","first-page":"281","volume":"47","author":"H Kondo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kondo H, Limoli C, Searby ND, Almeida EA, Loftus DJ, Vercoutere W, Morey-Holton E, Giedzinski E, Mojarrab R, Hilton D, Globus RK: Shared oxidative pathways in response to gravity-dependent loading and gamma-irradiation of bone marrow-derived skeletal cell progenitors. Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2007, 47: 281-285.","journal-title":"Radiats Biol Radioecol"},{"key":"1398_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00663.x","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li J, Kwong DLW, Chan GCF: The effects of various irradiation doses on the growth and differentiation of marrow-derived human mesenchymal stromal cells. Pediatr Transplant. 2007, 11: 379-387. 10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00663.x.","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"1398_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760020601","volume":"76","author":"A Dare","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dare A, Hachisu R, Yamaguchi A, Yokose S, Yoshiki S, Okano T: The Effects of ionizing radiation on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells. J Dent Res. 1997, 76: 658-664. 10.1177\/00220345970760020601.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1398_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.002","volume":"73","author":"K Kurpinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kurpinski K, Jang DJ, Bhattacharya S, Rydberg B, Chu J, So J, Wyrobek A, Li S, Wang D: Differential effects of x-rays and high-energy 56Fe ions on human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009, 73: 869-877. 10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.002.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"1398_CR46","first-page":"135","volume":"1","author":"YW Jin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jin YW, Na YJ, Lee YJ, An S, Lee JE, Jung M, Kim H, Nam SY, Kim CS, Yang KH, Kim SU, Kim WK, Park WY, Yoo KY, Kim CS, Kim JH: Comprehensive analysis of time- and dose-dependent patterns of gene expression in a human mesenchymal stem cell line exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation. Oncol Rep. 2008, 1: 135-144.","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"1398_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/095530096144572","volume":"70","author":"PC Lara","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lara PC, Russell NS, Smolders IJ, Bartelink H, Begg AC, Coco-Martin JM: Radiation-induced differentiation of human skin fibroblasts: Relationship with cell survival and collagen production. Int J Radiat Biol. 1996, 70: 683-692. 10.1080\/095530096144572.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"1398_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/095530096145869","volume":"69","author":"K Schwenke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwenke K, Peterson HP, von Wangenheim KH, Feinendegen LE: Radiation-enhanced differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells and its relation to reproductive cell death. Int J Radiat Biol. 1996, 69: 309-317. 10.1080\/095530096145869.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T19:27:28Z","timestamp":1630524448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-94","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"94"}}