{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:22:31Z","timestamp":1787883751810,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]],"date-time":"2014-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The current research is a retrospective study that involves the description of a new trochleocapitellar index (TCI), on basis of anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of normal and fractured paediatric elbows. This index may be useful in assessing the alignment of the elbow with a supracondylar fracture.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The index was evaluated to define its normal and pathological range in children between the ages of 1\u201313\u00a0years. A total of 212 elbows in 141 children were radiographically evaluated. 70 children without fracture elbows were evaluated by radiographs taken at the time of trauma. 35 children with unilateral fractures that healed in a normal alignment were compared to 33 patients that had a mal-union and three patients with bilateral elbow fractures. The patients were radiographically assessed at the time of fracture as well as after fracture healing as part of a routine clinical assessment. Treatment included observation, cast or internal fixation as needed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The current study establishes that the normal range of the TCI was 0.25-0.8. The average TCI is 0.45. The lower range correlates with a valgus alignment of the elbow while the higher range indicates a neutral alignment. The TCI in fractured elbows that have healed in a clinically normal alignment is different than the contra-lateral elbow\u2019s TCI. This might indicate a sub-clinical remaining deformity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In current practice, paediatric patients with elbow trauma, often undergo bilateral radiographs during emergency room visits. The TCI has high negative and positive predictive values and might be superior to direct angle measurement that is currently in use. The use of the TCI measurement is expected to reduce exposure to irradiation in elbow trauma patients as bilateral comparative films appear to be superfluous when this measurement is used.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]],"date-time":"2014-02-27T18:01:17Z","timestamp":1393524077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of the normal and pathological alignment of the elbow in children using the trochleocapitellar index"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Gorelick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dror","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Loberant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayala","family":"Rozano-Gorelick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Yassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avraham","family":"Garti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677809005756","volume":"49","author":"V Vahvanen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vahvanen V, Aalto K: Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. A long-term follow-up study of 107 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1978, 49: 225-233. 10.3109\/17453677809005756.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2410_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199403000-00011","volume":"14","author":"DG Chess","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chess DG, Leahey JL, Hyndman JC: Cubitus varus: significant factors. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994, 14: 190-192. 10.1097\/01241398-199403000-00011.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2410_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/01202412-199704000-00006","volume":"6","author":"KE Wilkins","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wilkins KE: Supracondylar fractures: what\u2019s new?. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1997, 6: 110-116. 10.1097\/01202412-199704000-00006.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"2410_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199407000-00010","volume":"14","author":"FR Voss","year":"1994","unstructured":"Voss FR, Kasser JR, Trepman E, Simmons E, Hall JE: Uniplanar supracondylar humeral osteotomy with preset Kirschner wires for posttraumatic cubitus varus. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994, 14: 471-478. 10.1097\/01241398-199407000-00010.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2410_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199701000-00003","volume":"5","author":"NY Otsuka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Otsuka NY, Kasser JR: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997, 5: 19-26.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2410_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254070-00003","volume":"54","author":"HS Dodge","year":"1972","unstructured":"Dodge HS: Displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children\u2013treatment by Dunlop\u2019s traction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972, 54: 1408-1418.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2410_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B4.3733834","volume":"68","author":"J Piggot","year":"1986","unstructured":"Piggot J, Graham HK, McCoy GF: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Treatment by straight lateral traction. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1986, 68: 577-583.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"2410_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B5.3782238","volume":"68","author":"P Worlock","year":"1986","unstructured":"Worlock P: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Assessment of cubitus varus by the Baumann angle. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1986, 68: 755-757.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"2410_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199209000-00014","volume":"12","author":"DM Williamson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Williamson DM, Coates CJ, Miller RK, Cole WG: Normal characteristics of the Baumann (humerocapitellar) angle: an aid in assessment of supracondylar fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992, 12: 636-639. 10.1097\/01241398-199209000-00014.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2410_CR10","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Fractures in Children","author":"KE Wilkins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wilkins KE: Fractures and dislocations of the elbow region. Fractures in Children. Edited by: Rockwood CA, Wilkins KE, King RE. 1984, Philadelphia: LB Lippincott, 363-575. 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"2410_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677809005720","volume":"49","author":"V Vahvanen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vahvanen V, Gripenberg L: Fracture of the radial neck in children. A long-term follow-up study of 43 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1978, 49: 32-38. 10.3109\/17453677809005720.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2410_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.01.010","volume":"24","author":"JC McGinley","year":"2006","unstructured":"McGinley JC, Roach N, Hopgood BC, Kozin SH: Nondisplaced elbow fractures: A commonly occurring and difficult diagnosis. Am J Emerg Med. 2006, 24: 560-566. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.01.010.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2410_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0787-0","volume":"34","author":"M Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silva M, Pandarinath R, Farng E, Park S, Caneda C, Fong YJ, Penman A: Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the Baumann angle of the humerus in children with supracondylar humeral fractures. Int Orthop. 2010, 34: 553-557. 10.1007\/s00264-009-0787-0.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2410_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199601000-00019","volume":"16","author":"WN Keenan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Keenan WN, Clegg J: Variation of Baumann\u2019s angle with age, sex, and side: implications for its use in radiological monitoring of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996, 16: 97-98. 10.1097\/01241398-199601000-00019.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T10:28:55Z","timestamp":1630578535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-60","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"60"}}