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Generally, the multiple complications of mustard gas result from its alkalizing potency; it reacts with cellular components like DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipid membranes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>TGF-\u03b2 is a multi-functional cytokine with multiple biological effects ranging from cell differentiation and growth inhibition to extracellular matrix stimulation, immunosuppression, and immunomodulation. TGF-\u03b2 has 3 isoforms (TGF-\u03b2 1, 2, 3) and its signaling is mediated by its receptors: R1, R2 and intracellular Smads molecules.<\/jats:p><jats:p>TGF-\u03b2 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. TGF-\u03b2s and their receptors also have an important role in modulation of skin inflammation, proliferation of epidermal cells, and wound healing, and they have been implicated in different types of skin inflammatory disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen exposed SM individuals (48.47 \u00b1 9.3 years), 17 chronic dermatitis patients (46.52 \u00b1 14.6 years), and 5 normal controls (44.00 \u00b1 14.6 years) were enrolled in this study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Evaluation of TGF-\u03b2s and their receptors expressions was performed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Only TGF1was analyzed immunohistochemically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed significant decreases in the expression percentages of TGF-\u03b2 1, 2 and R1, R2 in chemical victims in comparison with chronic dermatitis and normal subjects and significant decreases in the intensity of R1 and R2 expressions in chemical victims in comparison with chronic dermatitis and normal controls. (P value &lt; 0.05)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>TGF-\u03b2s and their receptors appear to have a noticeable role in chronic inflammatory skin lesions caused by sulfur mustard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-11-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T06:13:44Z","timestamp":1295417624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Loss of expression of TGF-\u03b2s and their receptors in chronic skin lesions induced by sulfur mustard as compared with chronic contact dermatitis patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Isa","family":"Khaheshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Keshavarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Ali","family":"Imani Fooladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunes","family":"Panahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Shohrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Nourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.06.014","volume":"214","author":"K Kehe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kehe K, Szinicz L: Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning. 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