{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:53:50Z","timestamp":1780448030141,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,14]],"date-time":"2004-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097712000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Dermatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory disease with a predilection of the anogenital region. Because of the potential side effects of repeated local application of potent glucocorticosteroids, equally-effective, safer therapeutic options are required, especially in the treatment of children.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Case presentations<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We report on the efficacy of twice-daily application of pimecrolimus 1% cream in four prepubertal girls (range of age: 4 to 9 years) who suffered from anogenital lichen sclerosus. After three to four-month treatment, all patients had almost complete clinical remission including relief from itch, pain and inflammation. Only minor improvement was observed for the white sclerotic lesions. No significant side effects have been observed.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Topical pimecrolimus appears to be an effective and safe treatment for children with anogenital lichen sclerosus. The clinical benefits observed in the four patient presented particularly include relief of pruritus, pain and inflammation. Vehicle-controlled studies on a larger number of patients are now warranted to substantiate our promising findings, and to investigate long-term efficacy and safety of topical pimecrolimus in anogenital lichen sclerosus.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-4-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,22]],"date-time":"2004-10-22T06:23:53Z","timestamp":1098426233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Pimecrolimus 1% cream for anogenital lichen sclerosus in childhood"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Boms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Gambichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Altmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kreuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"43_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90060-8","volume":"32","author":"JJ Meffert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meffert JJ, Davis BM, Grimwood RE: Lichen sclerosus.\n                           J Am Acad Dermatol 1995, 32: 393\u2013416. 10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90060-8","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"43_CR2","first-page":"572","volume":"4","author":"P Carli","year":"1994","unstructured":"Carli P, Cattaneo A: Skin immune system involvement as a clue to the pathogenesis of lichen sclerosus.\n                           Eur J Dermatol 1994, 4: 572.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"43_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1997.tb00481.x","volume":"8","author":"P Marren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Marren P, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F: Vulvar lichen sclerosus: lack of correlation between duration of clinical symptoms and histological appearances.\n                           J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1997, 8: 212\u2013216. 10.1016\/S0926-9959(97)00608-9","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol 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T, Scott G, Cardno M, Ebelin M-E, Burtin P, Stephenson TJ: Systemic exposure, tolerability, and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% in atopic dermatitis patients.\n                           Arch Dis Child 2003, 88: 969\u2013973. 10.1136\/adc.88.11.969","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"43_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.01.044","volume":"51","author":"A Kreuter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Breuckmann F, Pawlak FM, St\u00fccker M, Bader A, Altmeyer P, Freitag M: Pimecrolimus 1% cream for cutaneous lupus erythematosus.\n                           J Am Acad Dermatol 2004, 51: 407\u2013410. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.01.044","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"43_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.122187","volume":"46","author":"LF Eichenfield","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW, Boguniewicz M, Langley RGB, Cherill R, Marshall K, Bush C, Gr\u00e4ber M: Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents.\n                           J Am Acad Dermatol 2002, 46: 495\u2013504. 10.1067\/mjd.2002.122187","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"43_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.7.922","volume":"139","author":"M B\u00f6hm","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm M, Frieling U, Luger TA, Bonsmann G: Successful treatment of anogenital lichen sclerosus with topical tacrolimus.\n                           Arch Dermatol 2003, 139: 922\u2013924. 10.1001\/archderm.139.7.922","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"43_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.7.850","volume":"139","author":"R Kunstfeld","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kunstfeld R, Kirnbauer R, Stingl G, Karlhofer FM: Successful treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus with topical 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