{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:07:41Z","timestamp":1793945261169,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]],"date-time":"2004-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1098835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]],"date-time":"2004-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1098835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Dermatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The ultraviolet properties of textiles dyed with synthetic dyes have been widely reported in literature. However, no study has investigated the ultraviolet properties of natural fabrics dyed with natural colorants. This study reports the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of cotton fabrics dyed with colorants of plant and insect origins.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Three cotton fabrics were dyed with three natural colorants. Fabrics were characterized with respect to fabric construction, weight, thickness and thread count. Influence of fabric characteristics on Ultraviolet Protection Factor was studied. Role of colorant concentration on the ultraviolet protection factor was examined via color strength analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>A positive correlation was observed between the weight of the fabric and their UPF values. Similarly, thicker fabrics offered more protection from ultraviolet rays. Thread count appears to negatively correlate with UPF. Dyeing with natural colorants dramatically increased the protective abilities of all three fabric constructions. Additionally, within the same fabric type UPF values increased with higher depths of shade.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Dyeing cotton fabrics with natural colorants increases the ultraviolet protective abilities of the fabrics and can be considered as an effective protection against ultraviolet rays. The UPF is further enhanced with colorant of dark hues and with high concentration of the colorant in the fabric.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,3]],"date-time":"2004-11-03T07:24:13Z","timestamp":1099466653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["An evaluation of UV protection imparted by cotton fabrics dyed with natural colorants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ajoy K","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"44_CR1","unstructured":"Carcinogens listed in the tenth report[http:\/\/ehp.niehs.nih.gov\/roc\/toc10.html]"},{"key":"44_CR2","unstructured":"Skin cancer facts[http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/docroot\/PED\/content\/ped_7_1_What_You_Need_To_Know_About_Skin_Cancer.asp?sitearea=PED]"},{"key":"44_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1077727X94232007","volume":"23","author":"L Capjack","year":"1994","unstructured":"Capjack L, Kerr N, Davis S, Fedosejevs R, Hatch KL, Markee NL: Protection of humans from ultraviolet radiation through the use of textiles: A Review.\n                           Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 1994, 23: 198\u2013218.","journal-title":"Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal"},{"key":"44_CR4","first-page":"E155","volume":"7\u20138","author":"J Rieker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rieker J, Guschlbauer T, Rusmich S: Scientific and practical assessment of UV protection.\n                           Melliand Textilberichte 2001, 7\u20138: E155\u2013156.","journal-title":"Melliand Textilberichte"},{"key":"44_CR5","unstructured":"Hatch KL: Fry not!\n                           ASTM Standarization News 2001, (January):18\u201321."},{"key":"44_CR6","first-page":"66","volume":"29","author":"VS Borland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Borland VS: Natural Resources: Animal and vegetable fibers for the 21\n                           \n                              st\n                           \n                           century.\n                           America's Textile Industries 2000, 29: 66\u201370.","journal-title":"America's Textile Industries"},{"key":"44_CR7","first-page":"17","volume":"27","author":"B Glover","year":"1995","unstructured":"Glover B: Are natural colorants good for your health? Are synthetic ones better?\n                           Textile Chemist and Colorist 1995, 27: 17\u201320.","journal-title":"Textile Chemist and Colorist"},{"key":"44_CR8","volume-title":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards","author":"American Society of Testing and Materials","year":"2001","unstructured":"American Society of Testing and Materials: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2001."},{"key":"44_CR9","first-page":"1089","volume":"137","author":"K Hoffman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffman K, Laperre J, Avermaete A, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T: Defined UV protection by apparel textiles.\n                           Archives of Dermatology 2001, 137: 1089\u20131094.","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"key":"44_CR10","first-page":"17","volume":"31","author":"PC Crews","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crews PC, Kachman S, Beyer AG: Influences on UVR transmission of undyed woven fabrics.\n                           Textile Chemist and Colorist 1999, 31: 17\u201326.","journal-title":"Textile Chemist and Colorist"},{"key":"44_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199408000-00003","volume":"67","author":"HP Gies","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gies HP, Roy CR, Elliot G, Wang Z: Ultraviolet radiation factors for clothing.\n                           Health Physics 1994, 67: 131\u2013139.","journal-title":"Health Physics"},{"key":"44_CR12","volume-title":"AS\/NZS 4399","author":"Standards Australia\/Standards New Zealand","year":"1996","unstructured":"Standards Australia\/Standards New Zealand: AS\/NZS 4399. 1996."},{"key":"44_CR13","first-page":"23","volume":"3","author":"KL Hatch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hatch KL: Making a claim that a garment is UV protective.\n                           AATCC Review 2003, 3: 23\u201326.","journal-title":"AATCC Review"},{"key":"44_CR14","first-page":"19","volume":"18","author":"JN Etters","year":"1986","unstructured":"Etters JN, Hurwitz MD: Opaque reflectance of translucent fabric.\n                           Textile Chemist and Colorist 1986, 18: 19\u201326.","journal-title":"Textile Chemist and Colorist"},{"key":"44_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/0887302X0402100402","volume":"21","author":"AK Sarkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarkar AK, Seal CM: Color strength and colorfastness of flax fabrics dyed with natural colorants.\n                           Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 2003, 21: 162\u2013166.","journal-title":"Clothing and Textiles Research Journal"},{"key":"44_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1997.00046.x","volume":"36","author":"S Davis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davis S, Capjack L, Kerr N, Fedosejevs R: Clothing as protection from ultraviolet radiation: Which fabric is most effective?\n                           Int J Dermatol 1997, 36: 374\u2013379. 10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1997.00046.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"44_CR17","first-page":"32","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the Textiles and Sun Protection Mini Conference: 1993","author":"M Pailthorpe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pailthorpe M: Textile parameters and sun protection factors. In In Proceedings of the Textiles and Sun Protection Mini Conference: 1993. Edited by: Pailthorpe M. Kensington, Australia; 1993:32\u201350."},{"key":"44_CR18","first-page":"36","volume":"29","author":"G Reinert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reinert G, Fuso F, Hilfiker R, Schmidt E: UV-Protecting properties of textile fabrics and their improvement.\n                           Textile Chemist and Colorist 1997, 29: 36\u201343.","journal-title":"Textile Chemist and Colorist"}],"container-title":["BMC Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:58:11Z","timestamp":1728305891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["44"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-5945-4-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-5945"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-5945","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"15"}}