{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T20:35:44Z","timestamp":1762979744649},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Penicillin G acylase of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub>) is a commercially valuable enzyme for which efficient bacterial expression systems have been developed. The enzyme is used as a catalyst for the hydrolytic production of \u03b2-lactam nuclei or for the synthesis of semi-synthetic penicillins such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and cephalexin. To become a mature, periplasmic enzyme, the inactive prepropeptide of PGA has to undergo complex processing that begins in the cytoplasm (autocatalytic cleavage), continues at crossing the cytoplasmic membrane (signal sequence removing), and it is completed in the periplasm. Since there are reports on impressive cytosolic expression of bacterial proteins in <jats:italic>Pichia<\/jats:italic>, we have cloned the leader-less gene encoding PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub> in this host and studied yeast production capacity and enzyme authenticity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Leader-less <jats:italic>pga<\/jats:italic> gene encoding PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub>under the control of AOX1 promoter was cloned in <jats:italic>Pichia pastoris<\/jats:italic> X-33. The intracellular overproduction of heterologous PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub>(hPGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub>) was evaluated in a stirred 10 litre bioreactor in high-cell density, fed batch cultures using different profiles of transient phases. Under optimal conditions, the average volumetric activity of 25900 U l<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> was reached. The hPGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub> was purified, characterized and compared with the wild-type PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub>. The \u03b1-subunit of the hPGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub> formed in the cytosol was processed aberrantly resulting in two forms with C- terminuses extended to the spacer peptide. The enzyme exhibited modified traits: the activity of the purified enzyme was reduced to 49%, the ratios of hydrolytic activities with cephalexin, phenylacetamide or 6-nitro-3-phenylacetylamidobenzoic acid (NIPAB) to penicillin G increased and the enzyme showed a better synthesis\/hydrolysis ratio for the synthesis of cephalexin.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Presented results provide useful data regarding fermentation strategy, intracellular biosynthetic potential, and consequences of the heterologous expression of PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub> in <jats:italic>P. pastoris<\/jats:italic> X-33. Aberrant processing of the precursor of PGA<jats:sub>Ec<\/jats:sub> in the cytosol yielded the mature enzyme with modified traits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-10-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,3]],"date-time":"2010-02-03T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1265224532000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Heterologous expression of leader-less pga gene in Pichia pastoris: intracellular production of prokaryotic enzyme"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Mare\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zdena","family":"Markov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"Vale\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sklen\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Kysl\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(04)70157-7","volume":"97","author":"J Rajendhran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P: Recent biotechnological interventions for developing improved penicillin G acylases. 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