{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:54:10Z","timestamp":1774263250845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398643200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature reports have indicated an increase in research evidence suggesting association between periodontal disease and the risk of pre-term birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). Periodontal diseases in Uganda have been documented as a public health problem, but their association to adverse pregnancy outcomes is unknown. This study was conducted to assess the association between periodontital diseases in postpartum mothers and PTB and LBW of babies in Mulago and Mbarara referral hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross sectional study using medical records, clinical examination and oral interview of mothers at the two tertiary health facilities. Mothers with singleton babies from Mulago (n\u2009=\u2009300) and Mbarara Hospital (n\u2009=\u2009100) were recruited for the study. The women were clinically examined for periodontal disease by 2 trained and calibrated dentists. Data on PTB and LBW were retrieved from medical records. The data were analyzed to determine the relationship between the four parameters for periodontal disease (bleeding gingiva, periodontal pockets, gingival recession and calculus with plaque deposits) and the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Frequency distribution was used to describe the data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the association between the periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 26% and 29% of the postpartum mothers examined had bleeding gingiva and periodontal pockets of 4\u00a0mm or more deep, respectively. Advanced periodontitis i.e. pocket depth\u2009\u2265\u20096\u00a0mm was recorded in 13 (3.6%) of the mothers. Calculus with plaque deposits were recorded in 86% (n\u2009=\u2009343) of the mothers. Gingival recession was recorded in 9.0% of the mothers and significantly and directly related to birth weight (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontal conditions of postpartum mothers in this study were found to be better than previously reported amongst the Ugandan population. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association only between gingival recession and low birth weight. However, this finding should be interpreted with caution as it could have occurred by chance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T11:04:28Z","timestamp":1398683068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Periodontal conditions, low birth weight and preterm birth among postpartum mothers in two tertiary health facilities in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Louis","family":"Muwazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles Mugisha","family":"Rwenyonyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Nkamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annet","family":"Kutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Mugyenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Kwizera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Okullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.5s.511","volume":"65","author":"IB Lamster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lamster IB, Smith QT, Celenti RS, Singer RE, Grbic JT: Development of a risk profile for periodontal disease: microbial and host response factors. J Periodontol. 1994, 65 (5 Suppl): 511-520.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"9499","key":"382_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67728-8","volume":"366","author":"BL Pihlstrom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW: Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005, 366 (9499): 1809-1820. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67728-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"382_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063186","volume":"356","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, D\u2019Aiuto F, Nibali L, Donald A, Storry C, Parkar M, Suvan J, Hingorani AD, Vallance P, Deanfield J: Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial function. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356 (9): 911-920. 10.1056\/NEJMoa063186.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"382_CR4","first-page":"949","volume":"28","author":"SP Ramfjord","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ramfjord SP, Ash MM: [Periodontology and periodontics: modern theory and practice]. IshiyakuEuroAmerica, Inc. 1989, 28 (12): 949-968.","journal-title":"IshiyakuEuroAmerica, Inc"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"382_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1592S","volume":"133","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kramer MS: The epidemiology of adverse pregnancy outcomes: an overview. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (5 Suppl 2): 1592S-1596S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"382_CR6","volume-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth","author":"FB Namiiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Namiiro FB, Mugalu J, McAdams RM: Poor birth rate recovery among low birth weight\/preterm infants following hospital discharge in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012, 9(12):1. doi: 10.1186\/1471-2393-12-1"},{"key":"382_CR7","volume-title":"Reproductive Health","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lawn JE, Davidge R, Vinod P, von Xylander S, de Graft Johnson J, Costello A, Kinney M, Segre J, Molyneux L, Born Too Soon: Care for the preterm baby. Reproductive Health. 2013, 10(Suppl 1):S5. doi:10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S5"},{"key":"382_CR8","unstructured":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) 2006. [http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR194\/FR194.pdf]"},{"issue":"7","key":"382_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90012-6","volume":"143","author":"J Villar","year":"1982","unstructured":"Villar J, Belizan JM: The relative contribution of prematurity and fetal growth retardation to low birth weight in developing and developed societies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982, 143 (7): 793-798.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"382_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91628-N","volume":"166","author":"RS Gibbs","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gibbs RS, Romero R, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA, Sweet RL: A review of premature birth and subclinical infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992, 166 (5): 1515-1528. 10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91628-N.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"382_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2006.00363.x","volume":"36","author":"W Pitiphat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pitiphat W, Joshipura KJ, Gillman MW, Williams PL, Douglass CW, Rich-Edwards JW: Maternal periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008, 36 (1): 3-11.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"382_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.2003.8.1.70","volume":"8","author":"FA Scannapieco","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S: Periodontal disease as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol. 2003, 8 (1): 70-78. 10.1902\/annals.2003.8.1.70.","journal-title":"Ann Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"382_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x","volume":"113","author":"X Xiong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser WD, Beck J, Offenbacher S: Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. BJOG. 2006, 113 (2): 135-143. 10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"382_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.10s.1103","volume":"67","author":"S Offenbacher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fertik G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G, McKaig R, Beck J: Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol. 1996, 67 (10 Suppl): 1103-1113.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"382_CR15","first-page":"165","volume":"68","author":"T McGaw","year":"2002","unstructured":"McGaw T: Periodontal disease and preterm delivery of low-birth-weight infants. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002, 68 (3): 165-169.","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"382_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.2.161","volume":"76","author":"YS Khader","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khader YS, Ta\u2019ani Q: Periodontal diseases and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: a meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2005, 76 (2): 161-165. 10.1902\/jop.2005.76.2.161.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"382_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.11-S.2144","volume":"76","author":"NJ Lopez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lopez NJ, Da Silva I, Ipinza J, Gutierrez J: Periodontal therapy reduces the rate of preterm low birth weight in women with pregnancy-associated gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2005, 76 (11 Suppl): 2144-2153.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"382_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.8.911","volume":"73","author":"NJ Lopez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lopez NJ, Smith PC, Gutierrez J: Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birth weight in women with periodontal disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol. 2002, 73 (8): 911-924. 10.1902\/jop.2002.73.8.911.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"382_CR19","volume-title":"Grand Rounds in Oral Sys Med","author":"DW Paquette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paquette DW: Periodontal disease and the Risk for adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Grand Rounds in Oral Sys Med. 2006, 4:14-24"},{"issue":"1","key":"382_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02718272","volume":"251","author":"W Chaim","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chaim W, Mazor M: Intraamniotic infection with fusobacteria. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1992, 251 (1): 1-7. 10.1007\/BF02718272.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"8","key":"382_CR21","first-page":"739","volume":"109","author":"G Altshuler","year":"1985","unstructured":"Altshuler G, Hyde S: Fusobacteria. An important cause of chorioamnionitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985, 109 (8): 739-743.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"382_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01349.x","volume":"109","author":"C Bearfield","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bearfield C, Davenport ES, Sivapathasundaram V, Allaker RP: Possible association between amniotic fluid micro-organism infection and microflora in the mouth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002, 109: 527-533. 10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01349.x.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"382_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1980.51.12.691","volume":"51","author":"GC Carroll","year":"1980","unstructured":"Carroll GC, Sebor RJ: Dental flossing and its relationship to transient bacteremia. J Periodontol. 1980, 51 (12): 691-692. 10.1902\/jop.1980.51.12.691.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"382_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2272-2279.2004","volume":"72","author":"YW Han","year":"2004","unstructured":"Han YW, Redline RW, Li M, Yin L, Hill GB, McCormick TS: Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth. Infect Immun. 2004, 72 (4): 2272-2279. 10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2272-2279.2004.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"382_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-228","volume":"13","author":"H Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang H, Xiong X, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wu H, Jiang Z, Qian X: A randomized controlled trial of pre-conception treatment for periodontal disease to improve periodontal status during pregnancy and birth outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013, 13: 228-10.1186\/1471-2393-13-228.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"382_CR26","volume-title":"Oral health in Uganda, Result of National Survey 1987","author":"F Tiromwe","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tiromwe F, Ekoku Y, Manji F, Baelum V, Fejerskov O: Oral health in Uganda, Result of National Survey 1987. 1988, Ministry of Health Uganda\/Kenya Medical Research Institute"},{"key":"382_CR27","volume-title":"Oral health surveys. Basic methods 4th ed. Geneva","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1997","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Oral health surveys. Basic methods 4th ed. Geneva. 1997"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"382_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00799.x","volume":"32","author":"LN Borrell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borrell LN, Papapanou PN: Analytical epidemiology of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2005, 32 (Suppl 6): 132-158.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"382_CR29","volume-title":"Croat Med J. Apr","author":"K Krle\u017ea-Jeri\u0107","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krle\u017ea-Jeri\u0107 K, Lemmens T: 7th Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: Good News for the Transparency of Clinical Trials. Croat Med J. Apr. 2009, 50(2):105\u2013110"},{"issue":"1","key":"382_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01166.x","volume":"35","author":"A Agueda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agueda A, Ramon JM, Manau C, Guerrero A, Echeverria JJ: Periodontal disease as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Periodontol. 2008, 35 (1): 16-22.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"382_CR31","first-page":"560","volume-title":"Foundations of clinical research Applications to practice","author":"LG Portney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP: Foundations of clinical research Applications to practice. 2000, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 560-567."},{"issue":"3","key":"382_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.3.260","volume":"65","author":"SG Grossi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, Norderyd OM, Genco RJ: Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss. J Periodontol. 1994, 65 (3): 260-267. 10.1902\/jop.1994.65.3.260.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"382_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.2.210","volume":"72","author":"CG Daly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daly CG, Mitchell DH, Highfield JE, Grossberg DE, Stewart D: Bacteremia due to periodontal probing: a clinical and microbiological investigation. J Periodontol. 2001, 72 (2): 210-214. 10.1902\/jop.2001.72.2.210.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]],"date-time":"2024-05-26T06:27:05Z","timestamp":1716704825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-14-42","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"42"}}