{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T03:20:38Z","timestamp":1775272838351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]],"date-time":"2014-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]],"date-time":"2014-08-26T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1409052256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Women are considerably more exposed to intimate partner violence than men in Rwanda: results from a population-based, cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"Umubyeyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Mogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ntaganira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Krantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081145","volume":"179","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Campbell JC, Abrahams N, Martin L: Perpetration of violence against intimate partners: health care implications from global data. Can Med Assoc J. 2008, 179 (6): 511-512.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.1.83","volume":"24","author":"CB Cunradi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cunradi CB: Intimate partner violence among hispanic men and women: the role of drinking, neighborhood disorder, and acculturation-related factors. Violence Vict. 2009, 24 (1): 83-97.","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"key":"456_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-945","volume":"12","author":"S Lovestad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lovestad S, Krantz G: Men\u2019s and women\u2019s exposure and perpetration of partner violence: an epidemiological study from Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2012, 12: 945.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"456_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002055","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002055","volume":"2","author":"L Nybergh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nybergh L, Taft C, Krantz G: Psychometric properties of the WHO Violence Against Women instrument in a male population-based sample in Sweden. BMJ Open. 2012, 2 (6): e002055.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"456_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-284","volume":"6","author":"CA Karamagi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karamagi CA, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T, Heggenhougen K: Intimate partner violence against women in eastern Uganda: implications for HIV prevention. BMC Public Health. 2006, 6: 284.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"456_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036189","volume":"7","author":"K Deribe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deribe K, Beyene BK, Tolla A, Memiah P, Biadgilign S, Amberbir A: Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against women and its outcome in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (4): e36189.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"456_CR7","unstructured":"Uganda Demographic and Health survey. http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR264\/FR264.pdf ."},{"issue":"7","key":"456_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509340550","volume":"25","author":"IS Speizer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Speizer IS: Intimate partner violence attitudes and experience among women and men in Uganda. J Interpers Violence. 2010, 25 (7): 1224-1241.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"456_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.02.046","volume":"86","author":"R Saile","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saile R, Neuner F, Ertl V, Catani C: Prevalence and predictors of partner violence against women in the aftermath of war: a survey among couples in Northern Uganda. Soc Sci Med (1982). 2013, 86: 17-25.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med (1982)"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31823dc634","volume":"59","author":"JF Kayibanda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kayibanda JF, Bitera R, Alary M: Violence toward women, men\u2019s sexual risk factors, and HIV infection among women: findings from a national household survey in Rwanda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1999). 2012, 59 (3): 300-307.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1999)"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR11","first-page":"53","volume":"81","author":"MA Koenig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koenig MA, Lutalo T, Zhao F, Nalugoda F, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kiwanuka N, Wagman J, Serwadda D, Wawer M, Gray R: Domestic violence in rural Uganda: evidence from a community-based study. Bull World Health Organ. 2003, 81 (1): 53-60.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"16)","key":"456_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834b005d","volume":"25","author":"E Were","year":"2011","unstructured":"Were E, Curran K, Delany-Moretlwe S, Nakku-Joloba E, Mugo NR, Kiarie J, Bukusi EA, Celum C, Baeten JM: A prospective study of frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence among African heterosexual HIV serodiscordant couples. AIDS (London, England). 2011, 25 (16)): 2009-2018.","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/3583398","volume":"8","author":"M Rani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rani M, Bonu S, Diop-Sidibe N: An empirical investigation of attitudes towards wife-beating among men and women in seven sub-Saharan African countries. Afr J Reprod Health. 2004, 8 (3): 116-136.","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"456_CR14","volume-title":"Masculinities","author":"RW Connell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Connell RW: Masculinities. 2005, Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"456_CR15","unstructured":"Masculinity and Gender Based Violence in Rwanda. http:\/\/www.engagingmen.net\/files\/resources\/2011\/frutayisire\/FINAL_REPORT_0.pdf ."},{"key":"456_CR16","unstructured":"Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda number 14 of 06 April 2009 page 81. http:\/\/www.primature.gov.rw\/publications\/official-gazettes.html ."},{"key":"456_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-8-17","volume":"8","author":"J Ntaganira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ntaganira J, Muula AS, Masaisa F, Dusabeyezu F, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E: Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Rwanda. BMC Womens Health. 2008, 8: 17.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR18","first-page":"1153","volume":"9","author":"J Ntaganira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ntaganira J, Muula AS, Siziya S, Stoskopf C, Rudatsikira E: Factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant rural women in Rwanda. Rural Remote Health. 2009, 9 (3): 1153.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"456_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512469106","volume":"28","author":"F Verduin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verduin F, Engelhard EA, Rutayisire T, Stronks K, Scholte WF: Intimate partner violence in Rwanda: the mental health of victims and perpetrators. J Interpers Violence. 2012, 28 (9): 1839-1858.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"456_CR20","unstructured":"Rwanda DHS 2005 Final report. http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-FR183-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm ."},{"key":"456_CR21","unstructured":"WHO Multi-country study on women\u2019s Health and Life Experiences. http:\/\/www.svri.org\/Questionnaire.pdf ."},{"issue":"12","key":"456_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513479029","volume":"28","author":"N Saddki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saddki N, Sulaiman Z, Ali SH, Tengku Hassan TN, Abdullah S, Ab Rahman A, Tengku Ismail TA, Abdul Jalil R, Baharudin Z: Validity and reliability of the Malay version of WHO Women\u2019s Health and Life Experiences Questionnaire. J Interpers Violence. 2013, 28 (12): 2557-2580.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"456_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002053","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002053","volume":"3","author":"L Nybergh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nybergh L, Taft C, Krantz G: Psychometric properties of the WHO Violence Against Women instrument in a female population-based sample in Sweden: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2013, 3 (5): e002053.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdm071","volume":"30","author":"D Gil-Gonzalez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gil-Gonzalez D, Vives-Cases C, Ruiz MT, Carrasco-Portino M, Alvarez-Dardet C: Childhood experiences of violence in perpetrators as a risk factor of intimate partner violence: a systematic review. J Public Health (Oxf). 2008, 30 (1): 14-22.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2001.00001.x","volume":"32","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ellsberg M, Heise L, Pena R, Agurto S, Winkvist A: Researching domestic violence against women: methodological and ethical considerations. Stud Fam Plann. 2001, 32 (1): 1-16.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022311424652","volume":"2","author":"RK Ariane van der Straten","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ariane van der Straten RK, Olga G, Eric V, Antoine S, Susan A: Sexual coercion, physical violence, and HIV infection among women in steady relationships in Kigal, Rwanda. AIDS Behav. 1998, 2 (1): 61-73.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR27","first-page":"40","volume":"2","author":"J Kiragu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kiragu J: HIV prevention and women\u2019s rights: working for one means working for both. Aidscaptions. 1995, 2 (3): 40-46.","journal-title":"Aidscaptions"},{"issue":"2","key":"456_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/741921808","volume":"3","author":"LM Rivera Izabal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rivera Izabal LM: Women\u2019s legal knowledge: a case study of Mexican urban dwellers. Gend Dev. 1995, 3 (2): 43-48.","journal-title":"Gend Dev"},{"key":"456_CR29","unstructured":"Rwanda DHS 2010 (English) [FR259].pdf. http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR259\/FR259.pdf ."},{"issue":"9543","key":"456_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","volume":"368","author":"C Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH: Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006, 368 (9543): 1260-1269.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR31","first-page":"140","volume":"16","author":"E Van Decraen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Decraen E, Michielsen K, Herbots S, Van Rossem R, Temmerman M: Sexual coercion among in-school adolescents in Rwanda: prevalence and correlates of victimization and normative acceptance. Afr J Reprod Health. 2012, 16 (3): 140-154.","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"456_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-845","volume":"13","author":"LTC Nybergh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nybergh LTC, Enander V, Krantz G: Self-reported exposure to intimate partner violence among women and men in Sweden: results from a population-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2013, 13: 845.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"456_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125688.x","volume":"173","author":"K Hegarty","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hegarty K, Hindmarsh ED, Gilles MT: Domestic violence in Australia: definition, prevalence and nature of presentation in clinical practice. Med J Aust. 2000, 173 (7): 363-367.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204271959","volume":"11","author":"M Fugate","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fugate M, Landis L, Riordan K, Naureckas S, Engel B: Barriers to domestic violence help seeking: implications for intervention. Violence Against Women. 2005, 11 (3): 290-310.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2008.01.003","volume":"26","author":"C Rubertsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rubertsson C, Hildingsson I, Radestad I: Disclosure and police reporting of intimate partner violence postpartum: a pilot study. Midwifery. 2010, 26 (1): e1-e5.","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"456_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2190\/IQ.30.4.f","volume":"30","author":"OL Fawole","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fawole OL, Salawu TA, Olarinmoye EO: Intimate partner violence: prevalence and perceptions of married men in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2009, 30 (4): 349-364.","journal-title":"Int Q Community Health Educ"},{"key":"456_CR37","unstructured":"HM L: Women, men and Power. Edited by: View M. 1991, CA, US: Mayfield Publishing Co, Viii: 245."},{"issue":"4","key":"456_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.741","volume":"71","author":"MK Ehrensaft","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ehrensaft MK, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes E, Chen H, Johnson JG: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: a 20-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003, 71 (4): 741-753.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"456_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206293328","volume":"12","author":"MP Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson MP: Conflict and control: gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence Against Women. 2006, 12 (11): 1003-1018.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"11","key":"456_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508325496","volume":"24","author":"CT Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen CT, Swan SC, Raghavan C: Gender symmetry, sexism, and intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence. 2009, 24 (11): 1816-1834.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azh026","volume":"44","author":"RP Dobash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dobash RP, Dobash RE: Womens violence to men in intimate relationships: working on a puzzle. Br J Criminol. 2004, 44 (3): 324-349.","journal-title":"Br J Criminol"},{"issue":"14","key":"456_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510390951","volume":"26","author":"AP Alio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alio AP, Clayton HB, Garba M, Mbah AK, Daley E, Salihu HM: Spousal concordance in attitudes toward violence and reported physical abuse in African couples. J Interpers Violence. 2011, 26 (14): 2790-2810.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"456_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S17016","volume":"3","author":"TS Ali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ali TS, Asad N, Mogren I, Krantz G: Intimate partner violence in urban Pakistan: prevalence, frequency, and risk factors. Int J Womens Health. 2011, 3: 105-115.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"456_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.045","volume":"65","author":"SE Stockdale","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stockdale SE, Wells KB, Tang L, Belin TR, Zhang L, Sherbourne CD: The importance of social context: neighborhood stressors, stress-buffering mechanisms, and alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2007, 65 (9): 1867-1881.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"456_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-9-14","volume":"9","author":"OA Uthman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uthman OA, Lawoko S, Moradi T: Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: a comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009, 9: 14.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"2","key":"456_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.11.078","volume":"61","author":"AJ Gage","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gage AJ: Women\u2019s experience of intimate partner violence in Haiti. Soc Sci Med. 2005, 61 (2): 343-364.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"456_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181d2f0dd","volume":"72","author":"V Escriba-Aguir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Escriba-Aguir V, Ruiz-Perez I, Montero-Pinar MI, Vives-Cases C, Plazaola-Castano J, Martin-Baena D: Partner violence and psychological well-being: buffer or indirect effect of social support. Psychosom Med. 2010, 72 (4): 383-389.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"9315","key":"456_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08357-5","volume":"359","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jewkes R: Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. Lancet. 2002, 359 (9315): 1423-1429.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"456_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1783\/jfp.31.2.285","volume":"31","author":"G Guest","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson L, Akumatey B, Adeokun L: Fear, hope and social desirability bias among women at high risk for HIV in West Africa. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2005, 31 (4): 285-287.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T18:30:29Z","timestamp":1598207429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-99","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"99"}}