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The effect produced by methanolic extract of <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic> leaves (MCL) was investigated on CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-induced liver damages in rat.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>30 rats were divided into five groups of six animals of each, having free access to food and water <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>. Group I (control) was given olive oil and DMSO, while group II, III and IV were injected intraperitoneally with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (0.5 ml\/kg) as a 20% (v\/v) solution in olive oil twice a week for 8 weeks. Animals of group II received only CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>. Rats of group III were given MCL intragastrically at a dose of 200 mg\/kg bw while that of group IV received silymarin at a dose of 50 mg\/kg bw twice a week for 8 weeks. However, animals of group V received MCL only at a dose of 200 mg\/kg bw twice a week for 8 weeks. The activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and \u03b3-glutamyltransferase (\u03b3-GT) were determined in serum. Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSR) and quinone reductase (QR) activity was measured in liver homogenates. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS), glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) concentration was also assessed in liver homogenates. Phytochemicals in MCL were determined through qualitative and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hepatotoxicity induced with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was evidenced by significant increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> level, serum activities of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and \u03b3-GT. Level of GSH determined in liver was significantly reduced, as were the activities of antioxidant enzymes; CAT, POD, SOD, GSH-Px, GSR, GST and QR. On cirrhotic animals treated with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, histological studies showed centrilobular necrosis and infiltration of lymphocytes. MCL (200 mg\/kg bw) and silymarin (50 mg\/kg bw) co-treatment prevented all the changes observed with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-treated rats. The phytochemical analysis of MCL indicated the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phlobatannins, terpenoids, coumarins, anthraquinones, and cardiac glycosides. Isoquercetin, hyperoside, vitexin, myricetin and kaempherol was determined in MCL.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results indicate that MCL has a significant protective effect against CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> induced hepatotoxicity in rat, which may be due to its antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]],"date-time":"2011-06-24T18:14:53Z","timestamp":1308939293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract of Carissa opaca leaves on CCl4-induced damage in rat"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Sahreen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad R","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahmat A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"405_CR1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Apocynaceae","author":"S Nazimuddin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Nazimuddin S, Qaiser M: Apocynaceae. 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