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It also inhibited carbachol-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized rats at 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg\/kg indicative of bronchodilator activity. When tested on isolated gut preparations, the plant extract showed a concentration-dependent (0.01-10.0 mg\/ml) spasmogenic effect in spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum. The spasmogenic effect was partially blocked in tissues pretreated with atropine (0.1 \u03bcM). When tested on K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (80 mM)-induced sustained contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum, the plant extract caused complete relaxation and also produced a shift in the Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup> concentration-response curves (CRCs) towards right, similar to diltiazem. In rabbit trachea, the plant extract completely inhibited K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (80 mM) and carbachol (CCh, 1 \u03bcM)-induced contractions at 1 mg\/ml but pretreatment of tissue with propranolol (1 \u03bcM), caused around 10 fold shift in the inhibitory CRCs of the plant extract constructed against CCh-induced contraction. The plant extract (up to 0.3 mg\/ml) also increased both force and rate of spontaneous contractions of isolated guinea-pig atria, followed by relaxation at higher concentration (1.0-5.0 mg\/ml). The cardio-stimulant effect was abolished in the presence of propranolol, similar to that of isoprenaline. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic component(s) was separated in the organic fraction, whereas the spasmogenic component was concentrated in the aqueous fraction.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results indicate that <jats:italic>A. spinosus<\/jats:italic> possesses laxative activity partially mediated through cholinergic action. The spasmolytic effect was mediated through calcium channel blocking (CCB), while bronchodilator activity through a combination of \u03b2-adrenergic and CCB pathways, which may explain the traditional uses of <jats:italic>A. spinosus<\/jats:italic> in gut and airways disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T10:42:30Z","timestamp":1349088150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Evaluation of gut modulatory and bronchodilator activities of Amaranthus spinosus Linn."],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mueen Ahmad","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samra","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik Hassan","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najeeb-ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwarul-Hassan","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1217_CR1","volume-title":"Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Pakistan","author":"SR Baquar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Baquar SR: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Pakistan. 1989, Karachi, Printa"},{"key":"1217_CR2","volume-title":"Indian Medicinal Plants","author":"KR Kirtikar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kirtikar KR, Basu BD: Indian Medicinal Plants. 2001, Oriental Enterprises, Uttranchal"},{"key":"1217_CR3","first-page":"49","volume":"39","author":"RA Teutonico","year":"1985","unstructured":"Teutonico RA, Knorr D: Amaranth: composition, properties and applications of a rediscovered food crop. 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