{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:10:18Z","timestamp":1771063818613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352246400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Diseases caused by microorganisms and parasites remain a major challenge globally and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa to man and livestock. Resistance to available antimicrobials and the high cost or unavailability of antimicrobials complicates matters. Many rural people use plants to treat these infections. Because some anthelmintics e.g. benzimidazoles also have good antifungal activity we examined the antifungal activity of extracts of 13 plant species used in southern Africa to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections in livestock and in man.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Antifungal activity of acetone leaf extracts was determined by serial microdilution with tetrazolium violet as growth indicator against <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. These pathogens play an important role in opportunistic infections of immune compromised patients. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT cellular assay. Therapeutic indices were calculated and selectivity for different pathogens determined. We proposed a method to calculate the relation between microbicidal and microbistatic activities. Total activities for different plant species were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>On the whole, all 13 extracts had good antifungal activities with MIC values as low as 0.02 mg\/mL for extracts of <jats:italic>Clausena anisata<\/jats:italic> against <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus a<\/jats:italic> nd 0.04 mg\/mL for extracts of <jats:italic>Zanthoxylum capense, Clerodendrum glabrum,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Milletia grandis<\/jats:italic>, against <jats:italic>A. fumigatus. Clausena anisata<\/jats:italic> extracts had the lowest cytotoxicity (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 0.17 mg\/mL, a reasonable therapeutic index (2.65) against <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>. It also had selective activity against <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>, an overall fungicidal activity of 98% and a total activity of 3395 mL\/g against <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>. This means that 1 g of acetone leaf extract can be diluted to 3.4 litres and it would still inhibit the growth. <jats:italic>Clerodendrum glabrum, Zanthoxylum capense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Milletia grandis<\/jats:italic> extracts also yielded promising results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Some plant extracts used for treatment of parasitic infections also have good antifungal activity. Because it is much easier to isolate antifungal compounds by bioassay guided fractionation, this approach may facilitate the isolation of anthelmintic compounds from active plant extracts. The viability of this approach can be tested by isolating the antifungal compounds and then determining its anthelmintic activity. Some of these plant extracts may also be useful in combating fungal infections.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T17:14:15Z","timestamp":1352308455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Some southern African plant species used to treat helminth infections in ethnoveterinary medicine have excellent antifungal activities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mathew","family":"Adamu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinasan","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacobus N","family":"Eloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1086\/501780","volume":"21","author":"RE Isturiz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Isturiz RE, Carbon C: Antibiotic resistance in developing countries. Infect Cont Hosp Ep. 2000, 21: 394-397. 10.1086\/501780.","journal-title":"Infect Cont Hosp Ep"},{"key":"1184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.013","volume":"119","author":"LJ McGaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGaw LJ, Eloff JN: Ethnoveterinary use of southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 119: 559-574. 10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.013.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2009.07.001","volume":"76","author":"MM Suleiman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suleiman MM, McGaw LJ, Naidoo V, Eloff JN: Evaluation of several tree species for activity against the animal fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. S Afr J Bot. 2009, 76: 64-71.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"1184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.005","volume":"160","author":"F Nchu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nchu F, Maniania NK, Toure A, Hassanali A, Eloff JN: The use of a semiochemical bait to enhance exposure of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) to Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Vet Parasitol. 2009, 160: 279-284. 10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.005.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00123-2","volume":"60","author":"JN Eloff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eloff JN: Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants?. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 60: 1-8. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00123-2.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1184_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"60","author":"JN Eloff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eloff JN: A sensitive and quick method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med. 1998, 60: 1-8.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"1184_CR7","volume-title":"Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men","author":"AT Bryant","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bryant AT: Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men. 1966, Cape Town: C. Struik"},{"key":"1184_CR8","volume-title":"The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa","author":"JM Watt","year":"1962","unstructured":"Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 1962, London: Livingstone, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1184_CR9","volume-title":"Zulu Medicinal Plants: An Inventory","author":"A Hutchings","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hutchings A, Scott AH, Lewis G, Cunningham AB: Zulu Medicinal Plants: An Inventory. 1996, Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press"},{"key":"1184_CR10","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Bantu Studies","author":"J Gerstner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gerstner J: A preliminary checklist of Zulu names of plants with short notes. Bantu Studies. Edited by: George J, Liang MD, Drewes SE. 2001, Phytochemical Research in South Africa, 215-236. S. Afr. J. Sci. 2001, 97: 93\u2013105, 12","edition":"12"},{"key":"1184_CR11","first-page":"62","volume":"37","author":"NG Bisset","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bisset NG: The Asian species of Strychnos. Part III. The ethnobotany. Lloydia. 1974, 37: 62-107.","journal-title":"Lloydia"},{"key":"1184_CR12","volume-title":"Cramer, Lehr","author":"A Jacot Guillarmod","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jacot Guillarmod A: Flora of Lesotho. Cramer, Lehr. 1971"},{"key":"1184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511753114","volume-title":"Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa","author":"B Oliver-Bever","year":"1986","unstructured":"Oliver-Bever B: Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa. 1986, Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"1184_CR14","volume-title":"Zulu-English Dictionary","author":"CM Doke","year":"1972","unstructured":"Doke CM, Vilakazi BW: Zulu-English Dictionary. 1972, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1184_CR15","volume-title":"Trees of Southern Africa","author":"E Palmer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Palmer E, Pitman N: Trees of Southern Africa. 1972, Cape Town Press: Balkema"},{"key":"1184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1078\/0944711041495218","volume":"11","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eloff JN: Quantifying the bioactivity of plant extracts during screening and bioassay-guided fractionation. Phytomedicine. 2004, 11: 370-371. 10.1078\/0944711041495218.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(16)30456-2","volume":"68","author":"M Kotze","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kotze M, Eloff JN: Extraction of antibacterial compounds from Combretum microphyllum (Combretaceae). S Afr J Bot. 2002, 68: 62-67.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"1184_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88488-7","volume-title":"Thin Layer Chromatography 2nd Ed","author":"E Stahl","year":"1969","unstructured":"Stahl E: Thin Layer Chromatography 2nd Ed. 1969, New York: Springer-Verlag"},{"key":"1184_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.061","volume":"99","author":"P Masoko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masoko P, Picard J, Eloff JN: Antifungal activities of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 99: 301-308. 10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.061.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1184_CR20","first-page":"116","volume":"96","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eloff JN: A proposal on expressing the antibacterial activity of plant extracts - a small first step in applying scientific knowledge to rural primary health care in South Africa. S Afr J Sci. 2000, 96: 116-118.","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"1184_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann T: Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983, 65: 55-63. 10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"1184_CR22","first-page":"1425","volume":"4","author":"P Masoko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masoko P, Eloff JN: The diversity of antifungal compounds of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae) determined by bioautography. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005, 4: 1425-1431.","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"1184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003","volume":"106","author":"P Cos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Vanden Berghe D, Maes L: Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro \u2018proof-of-concept\u2019. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 106: 290-302. 10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.026","volume":"108","author":"JH Omar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Omar JH, Van den Bout-van den Beukel CJ, Matee MI, Moshi MJ, Mikx FH, Selemoni HO, Mbwambo ZH, AJ Vdv, Verwelj PE: Antifungal activity of some Tanzanian plants used traditionally for the treatment of fungal infections. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 108: 124-132. 10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.026.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1184_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(15)30189-7","volume":"70","author":"AA Bosman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bosman AA, Combrinck S, Roux-van der Merwe P, Botha BM, McCrindle RI: Isolation of an anthelmintic compound from Leucosidea sericea. S Afri J Bot. 2004, 70: 509-511.","journal-title":"S Afri J Bot"},{"key":"1184_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.043","volume":"131","author":"AO Aremu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aremu AO, Fawole OA, Chukwujekwu JC, Light ME, Finnie JF, Van Staden J: In vitro antimicrobial, anthelmintic and cyclooxygenase-inhibitory activities and phytochemical analysis of Leucosidea sericea. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 131: 22-27. 10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.043.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1184_CR27","first-page":"1161","volume":"4","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eloff JN, Famakin JO, Katerere DRP: Combretum woodii (Combretaceae) leaf extracts have high activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005, 4: 1161-1166.","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"1184_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1264703","volume":"76","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eloff JN, Suleiman M, Naidoo V: A crude extract of Loxostylus alata is as effective in treating aspergillosis in poultry as a commercial drug. Planta Med. 2010, 76: 405-","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"1184_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-210","volume":"8","author":"MS Suleiman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suleiman MS, Duncan N, Eloff JN, Naidoo V: A controlled study to determine the efficacy ofLoxostylis alata(Anacardiaceae) in the treatment of aspergillosis in a chicken (Gallus domesticus) model in comparison to ketoconazole. BMC Veterinary Research. 2010, 8: 210-","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-213\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:57:52Z","timestamp":1630529872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"213"}}